International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78029220180313Association of Serum 25‑hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Liver Enzymes in a Nationally Representative Sample of Iranian Adolescents: The Childhood and Adolescence Surveillance and Prevention of Adult Noncommunicable Disease Study18951895ENDepartment of Nutrition, Child Growth and
Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non‑Communicable Disease, Isfahan University
of Medical Sciences, IsfahanNon-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj & Department of Epidemiology, Non‑Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population
Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur
University of Medical Sciences, AhvazDepartment of Epidemiology, Chronic Diseases
Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Pediatrics, Child Growth
and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non‑Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Pediatrics, Child Growth
and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non‑Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20180313<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Hypovitaminosis D is highly prevalent and has several adverse health effects. This study aims to assess the relationship of serum concentrations of 25‑hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH] D) and liver enzymes in adolescents. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">This population‑based cross‑sectional survey was conducted among a nationally representative multistage sample of 1095 adolescents (52% boys), aged 10–18 years, living in different provinces of Iran. Serum 25(OH)D concentration <30 ng/ mL was considered as hypovitaminosis D, and liver enzymes (alanine aminotransaminase [ALT]<br />and aspartate aminotransaminase [AST]) of >40 U/L was considered as high level. To determine the association between serum 25(OH)D categories and elevated levels of liver enzymes, multiple regression models and linear regression analysis were applied, after adjustment for potential confounders. Odds ratios (95% confdence interval) of serum 25(OH)D and elevated liver enzymes were assessed by logistic regression analysis.</span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Higher rates of Vitamin D defciency were documented among individuals with increased levels of liver enzymes. Compared to boys, median of 25(OH)D was lower in girls with elevated levels of liver function tests (12.75 vs. 25.60 ng/mL for ALT and 13 vs. 14.10 ng/mL for AST), with marginally signifcant gender differences regarding AST. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">We found a relatively high frequency of hypovitaminosis D among adolescents with abnormal liver function. Further prospective studies are needed to examine these associations from early life.</span></p><p><span class="fontstyle2"><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Adolescent, liver function tests, Vitamin D</span> <br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" /></span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1895http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1895/717717720International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78029220180313Translation and Cross‑cultural Adaptation of the Hip Disability and Osteoarthritis Score into Persian Language: Reassessment of Validity and Reliability18931893ENOrthopedic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, MashhadOrthopedic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, MashhadOrthopedic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, MashhadDepartment of English Language and Literature,
Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, MashhadOrthopedic Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad20180313<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">This study aimed Persian translation and validation of the hip disability and osteoarthritis outcome score (HOOS) questionnaire. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The study was carried out in two phases. First, we translated the HOOS according to acceptable guidelines. We assessed HOOS content convergent validity on 203 hip osteoarthritis patients using SF‑36. Internal consistency was tested using Cronbach’s alpha coeffcient if each item removed and intraclass correlation coeffcient (ICC) for the assessment of test‑retest reproducibility. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Patients had mean (standard deviation) age of 39 (17). Test‑retest ICC in whole was 0.95 (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.014) showing excellent reliability. ICC was 0.92 for the “pain” subscale (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.02), 0.81 for the “symptom” subscale (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.002), 0.81 for the “function of daily living (FDL)” (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.022), 0.88 for the “function of sports and recreational activities” (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.006), but it was 0.62 (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.1) for the “quality of life (QOL).” Cronbach’s alpha was 0.92, 0.73, 0.97, 0.86, 0.80, and<br />0.80 for the pain, symptom, FDL, function of sports, QOL, and stiffness, respectively, showing good to excellent internal consistancy. Having SF‑36 for the assessment of convergent validity, there was a strong<br />correlation between total HOOS score and the physical component summary domain of SF‑36 (</span><span class="fontstyle3">r </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.64, </span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.0001), whereas the t correlation with the mental component summary domain was weak (</span><span class="fontstyle3">r </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.16, </span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.04). </span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The Persian version of the HOOS questionnaire is a valid (regarding physical not mental aspects) and reliable assessment tool in patients with hip osteoarthritis.</span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Hip osteoarthritis, outcome score, questionnaires, translation</span> </p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1893http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1893/717717718International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78029220180313Temporal Trends of Incidence of Colorectal Cancer in Isfahan, Iran, 2000–201118911891ENDepartment of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanModeling in Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University
of Medical Sciences, KermanNoncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, FasaIsfahan Cancer Registry, Deputy of Health,
Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanMPH Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz20180313<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Case fnding was improved to the population‑based method at the Isfahan Cancer Registry (ICR) during 2005–2008. However, its effects on the number of registered colorectal cancer (CRC) cases and patients’ age are not investigated. Therefore, present study designed to investigate the effect of that improvement on the trend of incidence of CRC, and age of CRC cases in ICR’s catchment area. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Data from the ICR were retrieved by years for 2000–2011.<br />Annual age‑standardized incidence rates (ASRs), truncated ASRs and 95% confdence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated for both genders. Rates were standardized based on the 2000 world standard population. Trends were analyzed, and signifcant change‑points were identifed using Joinpoint Regression software. Age of CRC cases compared between periods before and after the improvement.</span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">A total of 2902 CRC cases had been registered by ICR. Estimated ASRs (95% CI) for 2000 and 2011 were 3.47 (3.45, 3.50) and 10.22 (10.19, 1025) per 100,000 persons, respectively. Two signifcant change‑points were identifed (i.e., at 2003 and 2006). However, estimated average annual percent change was as 11. There was no signifcant difference between mean of patients’ age before and after the time of improvement (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.88). </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Trends of incidence of CRC had been rising in central Iran for males and females, during 2000–2011. It seems that the estimated slope for this trend had been partially artifcial and signifcantly affected by the improvement of case‑fnding method. However, the improvement had no effect on the patients’ age.</span></p><p><span class="fontstyle2"><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Colorectal cancer, incidence, Iran, neoplasm, trend</span> <br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" /></span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1891http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1891/717717719International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78029220180304Prophylaxis against Deep Venous Thrombosis in Patients Hospitalized in Surgical Wards in One of the Hospitals in Iran: Based on the American College of Chest Physician’s Protocol18871887ENDepartment of Nursing, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Ilam University of Medical Sciences,
IlamDepartment of Nursing, School of Nursing and
Midwifery, Ahvaz jundishapour university of Medical science, AhvazDepartment of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, IlamDepartment of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, UrmiaMedical Student, Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical
Sciences, Ilam20180228<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">There is not enough studies to determine the frequency of using the prophylaxis against deep venous thrombosis (DVT) based on the American College of Chest Physician’s (ACCP) guidelines in Iran. Thus, providing such statistics is essential to improve thromboprophylaxis in<br />hospital. The present study aimed to determine the frequency of using the prophylaxis against DVT based on ACCP guidelines in patients hospitalized in surgical wards in one of teaching hospital in Ilam, Iran. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">In a cross‑sectional, the samples were selected among medical records of patients who were hospitalized and underwent surgery in surgical wards of the hospital from April 2012 to September 2013. Type of prophylaxis was determined based on ACCP guidelines. After reviewing inclusion and exclusion criteria, patients’ data were extracted from medical records based on required variables.</span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">In reviewing 169 qualifed samples, 46.2% (78 patients) were women. Of these, 132 patients were at risk of DVT and needed prophylaxis, only 39 patients (29.5%) received prophylaxis. Thromboprophylaxis based on ACCP guidelines had been fully implemented only in 30 cases (22.7%) of patients with the risk of DVT.. The highest thromboprophylaxis was in the intensive care unit (46.6%) and neurosurgery (37.5%), and the least rate was in urology (0%). </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">As the results of this study, there are differences between clinical practice and the ACCP guidelines recommendation in prophylaxis against DVT. Thromboprophylaxis has not been implemented based on ACCP guidelines in more than 75% of patients with the risk of DVT. Thus, new strategies are needed to implement thromboprophylaxis against DVT in Iranian hospitals. </span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Deep venous thrombosis, prophylaxis, thromboprophylaxis</span> </p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1887http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1887/2172International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78029220180217Assessment of Information on Concussion Available to Adolescents on Social Media18861886ENDepartment of Communication Disorders and Sciences, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJDepartment of Public Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJDepartment of Mathematics, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJDepartment of Public Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ20180217<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Considering how many people obtain information about their health online, the aim of this study was to describe the content of the currently most widely viewed YouTube videos related to concussions and to test the hypothesis that consumer videos would be anecdotal, while<br />other sources would be more informational. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The term “concussion” was used to search for videos with 100,000 or more views on YouTube that were posted in English or Spanish. Descriptive information about each video was recorded, as was information on whether certain content was conveyed during the video. The main outcome measures are sources of upload and content of videos.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Consumer videos accounted for 48% of the videos, television based accounted for 50% of the videos, and internet based accounted for only 2% of the videos. None of the videos viewed fell into the professional category. Television based videos were viewed signifcantly more than consumer or internet based videos. Consumer and television based videos were equally anecdotal. Many of the videos focused on adolescents and were related to sports injuries. The majority of the videos (70.4%) addressed concussion causes, with 48% stating sports. Few videos discussed symptoms of concussion and prevention. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The potential for widespread misinformation necessitates caution when obtaining information on concussion on a freely accessible and editable medium, such as YouTube.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Adolescents, concussion, social media, YouTube</span> </p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1886http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1886/2169International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78029220180213Effects of Levothyroxine on Visual Evoked Potential Impairment Following Local Injections of Lysolecithin into the Rat Optic Chiasm18851885ENDepartment of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Anatomical Sciences, School of
Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20180213<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system which has no any known defnitive treatment. Studies have shown that thyroid hormones (THs) in addition to their roles in the development of the nervous system and the production of myelin have important roles in the adult’s brain function. Since the only way to treat MS is the restoration of myelin, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of levothyroxine on visual evoked potential (VEP)<br />impairment following local injections of lysolecithin into the rat optic chiasm. </span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">To induce demyelination, lysolecithin was injected into the optic chiasm of male Wistar rats. VEP recording was used to evaluate demyelination and remyelination before and 10, 17, and 24 days after the<br />lysolecithin injection. The rats received an intraperitoneal injection of levothyroxine with doses 20, 50, and 100 </span><span class="fontstyle3">μ</span><span class="fontstyle2">g/kg in different experimental groups. </span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">VEP latency and amplitude showed demyelination at 10 and 17 days after an induced lesion in MS group which was reversed at day 24. Levothyroxine prevented these impairments, especially in high doses. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">According to the results, lysolecithin‑induced demyelination at optic chiasm and VEP impairments can be restored by administration of levothyroxine. Therefore, THs probably have positive effects in demyelinating diseases.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle4">Levothyroxine, lysolecithin, multiple sclerosis, optic chiasm, visual evoked potential</span> </p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1885http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1885/2168International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78029220180213The Effect of Inhaled Budesonide on the Prevention of Chronic Lung Disease in Premature Neonates with Respiratory Distress Syndrome18821882ENDepartment of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of NonCommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of NonCommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of NonCommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences20180213<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Considering all the latest achievements in neonatal respiratory care, bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is still among the most prevalent morbidity causes in premature infants. Involvement in this process results in longer period of hospitalization for the newborn and in the long run makes the living conditions more diffcult. Taking the multifactorial pathogenesis into account, approaches to tackle chronic lung disease (CLD) are mainly focused on interventions and prevention procedures. This study tries to investigate the potential capability of inhaled budesonide in the prevention of BPD in newborns with gestational age of <28 weeks with the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). </span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">This study was a randomized clinical trial done on seventy<br />newborns with gestational ages of 23–28 weeks with RDS in Isfahan Shahid Beheshti Educational Hospital from June 2014 to April 2016. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups of intervention with budesonide and control. There were 35 newborns in each group. Upon recording demographic characteristics, the newborns in two groups were compared based on the length of noninvasive ventilation, the need for invasive mechanical ventilation, the number of surfactant administrations, pneumothorax, intraventricular hemorrhage, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), CLD, and death. </span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The length of the need for nasal continuous positive airway pressure showed no statistically signifcant difference between the groups (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.54). The number of newborns who needed invasive mechanical ventilation also revealed no meaningful difference (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.14). Similarly,<br />the number of newborns who were characterized as affected by CLD also showed no signifcant difference between the groups (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.053). Moreover, the number of newborns who experienced pneumothorax was not signifcantly different for the groups (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.057). The number of newborns<br />who received three administrations of surfactant had also no statistically meaningful difference between the groups (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.69). However, the number of newborns who received two doses of surfactant was statistically lower in budesonide intervention group than the control (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.041).<br />The prevalence of intraventricular hemorrhage with degrees of I, II, and III also showed no statistically meaningful difference between the groups with </span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.74, 0.32, and 0.49, respectively. The occurrence of PDA had no meaningful difference between the groups (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.66). Relative death cases also revealed no signifcant difference between the groups (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.53). </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The current study revealed a decrease in CLD prevalence for newborns in interventional group; however, this decrease was not statistically meaningful. The newborns, in the intervention group,<br />who had received two doses of surfactant (survanta) showed a signifcant decrease, which can be the basis for further research in this feld.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Budesonide, chronic lung disease, respiratory distress syndrome</span> </p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1882http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1882/2165International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78029220180213Effect of Secondhand Smoking, Determined by Urinary Cotinine Level on Bone Health18811881ENDepartment of Family Medicine, Jeju National
University Hospital & Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Jeju National University,
Jeju Self‑governing ProvinceDepartment of Family Medicine, Jeju National
University Hospital & Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju Self‑governing ProvinceDepartment of Family Medicine, Jeju National
University Hospital & Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju Self‑governing Province20180213<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">We evaluated the relationship between secondhand smoke (SHS) inhalation, as verifed by urinary cotinine levels, and bone health. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">We analyzed the nationwide, population‑based, cross‑sectional health survey. We included 1936 men aged 50 years or older who checked bone mineral density (BMD) from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2008–2010). Current smokers assessed by urinary cotinine levels higher than 500 ng/mL were excluded (</span><span class="fontstyle3">n </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 616). Exposure to SHS was determined using a 50 ng/mL urinary cotinine threshold.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The estimated prevalence of SHS exposure in our cohort was 13.9%. After adjusting for age and body mass index (BMI), T‑scores at total femur (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">< 0.001), femoral neck (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">< 0.001), and lumbar spine (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.004) were lower in SHS exposure versus nonexposure groups. Impaired bone health (osteopenia or osteoporosis) at femoral neck or lumbar spine was evident in 61.7% and 48.6% of SHS exposure and nonexposure cases, respectively (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.004). Moreover, after adjusting for age, BMI, and health habits, the odds ratio for impaired bone health in the SHS exposure group was 1.89 (95% confdence interval: 1.31–2.74). </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Our fndings suggest that SHS exposure, determined by urinary cotinine levels, is negatively associated with BMD and is a leading cause of impaired bone health in Korean men.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Biomarker, bone density, cotinine, tobacco smoke pollution</span> </p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1881http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1881/2164International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78029220180213Association of Factor V Leiden and Prothrombin G20210A Polymorphisms in Women with Recurrent Pregnancy Loss in Isfahan Province, Iran18801880ENDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University
of Isfahan, IsfahanDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahanepartment of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan
University of Medical Sciences, SanandajDepartment of Reproductive Biology, School of
Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz20180213<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Maternal thrombophilia has been identifed as a risk factor for recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL). The aim of this study was to investigate the association between prothrombin G20210A and factor V Leiden (FVL) polymorphisms in women with RPL and a control group of parous women<br />in Isfahan province of Iran.</span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">We studied 250 women with idiopathic RPL and 116 control<br />cases. Prothrombin and FVL different genotypes were determined using polymerase chain reaction and reverse hybridization technique.</span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The frequencies of heterozygous mutation prothrombin G20210A were 6% and 0.9%, respectively (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.025), in cases compared to the control group. The frequencies of homozygous mutation prothrombin G20210A were 0.4% and 0%, respectively, in cases compared to controls (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.02). The prothrombin mutation was signifcantly higher in cases compared to the control group (odds ratio 8.81; 95% confdence interval: 1.16–66.62). There was no signifcant difference between the FVL mutation and pregnancy loss. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The results indicated a signifcant higher frequency of prothrombin G20210A in women with RPL in comparison with controls. Our data suggest that the prothrombin G20210A mutation, but not the FVL mutation, may be an unrecognized cause of RPL in our population. </span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Abortion, factor V, mutation, thrombophilia, pregnancy, prothrombin</span> </p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1880http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1880/2163International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78029220180213Effect of Genistein on Apoptosis and Proliferation of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Hepa1‑6 Cell Line18791879ENResearch Center for Noncommunicable Diseases,
Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, JahromResearch Center for Noncommunicable Diseases,
Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, JahromDepartment of Anatomical Sciences and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Isfahan ProvinceDepartment of Student Research Committee, Jahrom
University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom20180213<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">One of the main causes of mortality is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which accounts for the third leading cause of deaths and one in forty deaths worldwide. The flavonoids, natural antioxidant compounds, account for a major group of polyphenolic compounds. One of the major isoflavones in soybean is genistein (GE) which can inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis. Isoflavones, major type of phenolic materials, derived from dietary plants and medicinal herbs play<br />a signifcant role in cancer prevention and treatment. Correlation between dietary habits and cancer risk including breast, prostate, and colon cancer has been reported. Various bioactivities of these compounds such as anticarcinogenic and antioxidant are responsible for their chemopreventive<br />activities by which induce migration, proliferation, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. GE, one of the major isoflavones, is considered as a potent chemopreventive agent against cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the inhibitory and apoptotic effects of GE on HCC Hepa1‑6 cell line.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Cell viability assay and cell cycle analysis with flow cytometry were used to evaluate proliferative and apoptotic effect GE. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">GE inhibited the growth of Hepa1‑6 cells and induced apoptosis with a concentration and time‑dependent fashion. During GE treatment for 24, the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was 20 </span><span class="fontstyle3">μ</span><span class="fontstyle2">M, and the maximum inhibition of cell growth was 52% (</span><span class="fontstyle4">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">< 0.01). The percentage of apoptotic cells with a concentration of 20 </span><span class="fontstyle3">μ</span><span class="fontstyle2">M of GE after 24, 48, and 72 h was 35, 42, and 65%, respectively (</span><span class="fontstyle4">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">< 0.01). </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0">Conclusions: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Our fnding clearly indicated that GE can signifcantly inhibit proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma Hepa 1‑6 cell line and induce apoptosis in this cell line.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle4">Apoptosis, genistein, hepatocellular carcinoma, proliferation</span> </p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1879http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1879/2162International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78029220180213Mortality and Morbidity Due to Exposure to Ambient NO2, SO2, and O3 in Isfahan in 2013–201418781878ENDepartment of Environmental Health Engineering,
Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, YazdEnvironmental Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of NonCommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences,
IsfahanDepartment of Environmental Health Engineering,
Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, YazdDepartment of Environmental Health Engineering,
Environmental Science and Technology Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, YazdEnvironmental Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of NonCommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences,
Isfahan20180213<p><strong><span class="fontstyle0">Background: </span></strong><span class="fontstyle2">The presence of air pollutants such as CO, NO</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2</span><span class="fontstyle2">, SO</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2</span><span class="fontstyle2">, O</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">3</span><span class="fontstyle2">, and PM in the ambient air mainly emitted from fossil fuels combustion has become a major health concern. The aims of this study were to estimate the attribution of NO</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2</span><span class="fontstyle2">, SO</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2</span><span class="fontstyle2">, and O</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">3 </span><span class="fontstyle2">in the premature deaths and prevalence of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in Isfahan in 2013–2014. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">In this study, short‑term health effects (total mortality, cardiovascular and respiratory mortality, chronic obstructive pulmonary<br />disease, and acute myocardial infarction) of exposure NO</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2</span><span class="fontstyle2">, SO</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2</span><span class="fontstyle2">, and O</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">3 </span><span class="fontstyle2">on the population of Isfahan were assessed using AirQ 2.2.3 software suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO).<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The result showed that from nonaccident total mortality in 2013–2014 in Isfahan, the attributable proportion related to NO</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2</span><span class="fontstyle2">, SO</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2</span><span class="fontstyle2">, and O</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">3 </span><span class="fontstyle2">were 1.03% (109 cases), 3.46% (365 cases), and 1.29% (136 cases), respectively. The percentage of days that people were exposed to the highest concentration of NO </span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2 </span><span class="fontstyle2">(40–49 </span><span class="fontstyle3">μ</span><span class="fontstyle2">g/m</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">3</span><span class="fontstyle2">), SO</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2 </span><span class="fontstyle2">(60–69 </span><span class="fontstyle3">μ</span><span class="fontstyle2">g/m</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">3</span><span class="fontstyle2">), and O</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">3 </span><span class="fontstyle2">(40–49 </span><span class="fontstyle3">μ</span><span class="fontstyle2">g/m</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">3</span><span class="fontstyle2">) was 34.46%, 16.85%, and 42.74% of a year, respectively. Total mortality attributed to NO</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2</span><span class="fontstyle2">, SO</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2</span><span class="fontstyle2">, and O</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">3 </span><span class="fontstyle2">exposure was 0.36%, 0.79%, and 0.83%, respectively. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The concentrations of NO</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2 </span><span class="fontstyle2">and SO</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2 </span><span class="fontstyle2">were upper than the WHO guidelines. The Air‑Q software in spite of its limitations can provide useful information regarding the health outcome of the air pollutants. The results estimated in this study were considerable. This information can help the health authorities and policy makers to draw suitable strategies and fulfll effective emission control programs.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle4">Air pollution, AirQ software, mortality, NO</span><span class="fontstyle4" style="font-size: 5pt;">2</span><span class="fontstyle4">, SO</span><span class="fontstyle4" style="font-size: 5pt;">2, </span><span class="fontstyle4">O</span><span class="fontstyle4" style="font-size: 5pt;">3</span> </p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1878http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1878/2161International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78029220180304The Effect of Yoga on Stress, Anxiety, and Depression in Women18881888EN20180228<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">In recent decades, several medical and scientifc studies on yoga proved it to be very useful in the treatment of some diseases. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of yoga on stress, anxiety, and depression in women living in Ilam, Iran.</span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">This study is a quasi‑experimental study with pre‑post test. To collect data, the questionnaire of DASS‑21 (Depression Anxiety Stress Scale‑21) was used. For eligible samples, hatha yoga exercises and training sessions were held for 4 weeks (3 time/weeks; 60‑70 min each) by a specialist. Data were<br />analyzed using SPSS version 20. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">52 women with a mean age of 33.5 ± 6.5 were included for analysis. Depression, anxiety, and stress decreased signifcantly in women after 12 sessions of regular hatha yoga practice (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">< 0.001). </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Yoga has an effective role in reducing stress, anxiety, and depression. Thus, it can be used as complementary medicine.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Anxiety, depression, stress, women, yoga</span> </p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1888http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1888/2173International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78029220180213Risk Factors for Addiction Potential among College Students18841884ENDepartment of Public Health, School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics,
School of Public Health and Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Public Health, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, SavehDepartment of Public Health, School of Health, Arak University of Medical Sciences, ArakDepartment of Public Health, Saveh University of Medical Sciences, Saveh20180213<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Tendency toward addiction is provided before drug use begins. The present study aimed to identify the risk factors for addiction potential in the students of Arak University of Medical Sciences.</span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">We conducted this cross‑sectional study among 305 students from Arak University of Medical Sciences, Iran in 2016. We selected the students by stratifed random sampling and collected the data by family and sociodemographic factors questionnaires and Addiction Potential Scale. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Male students, students with low economic status and high<br />family members were more prone to addiction. We identifed variable; addiction in close friends, adverse family conditions (dispute with the family), poor economic condition of families, and family size by controlling the effect of other variables, as risk factors for addiction potential.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Preventive and intervention actions appear necessary considering the mentioned factors.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Addiction potential, Iran, students</span> </p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1884http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1884/2167International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78029220180213Health Care of Elderly: A Viewpoint in Terms of Economic Evaluation18831883ENDepartment of Community Medicine, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Cuddalore Main Road, Pillaiyarkuppam, Puducherry ‑ 607 40220180213--http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1883http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1883/2166