International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802101120200225Association of Overweight and Obesity with Breast Cancer During Premenopausal Period in Asia: A Meta‑Analysis21832183ENDoctoral Program, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta City & Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Andalas, Padang Cityepartment of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta CityDepartment of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta CityDepartment of Pharmacology and Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta City20200212<p><span class="fontstyle0"> </span><span class="fontstyle2">The association of overweight and obesity with breast cancer risk in premenopausal women and in different ethnicities remains in debate, especially among Asian women. The aim of this systematic review and meta‑analysis was to determine the association of overweight and obesity with breast cancer during premenopausal period in Asian women. </span><span class="fontstyle2">We performed a meta‑analysis of research articles on the association of overweight and obesity with breast cancer during premenopausal period in Asian women published from January 2000 to July 2018<br />in article databases of EBSCO, PubMed, and ProQuest. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) were calculated by fixed and random‑effect models. Publication bias was visually evaluated using funnel plots, and then statistically assessed using Egger’s and Begg’s tests. Review Manager 5.3 (RevMan 5.3) and Stata version 14.2 (Stata Corporation) were used to process the data. We reviewed 886 articles. </span><span class="fontstyle2">We found 15 studies conducted systematic review continued by meta‑analysis of relevant data with 22,362 patients. There was significant association of obesity [OR = 1.36 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.26–1.47, </span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">< 0.00001)] and overweight [OR = 1.17 (95% CI 1.10–1.25, </span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">< 0.00001)] with breast cancer during premenopausal period in Asian women. In this study, there was no significant publication bias for studies included in overweight and obesity with breast cancer during premenopausal in Asian women. </span><span class="fontstyle2">This study suggested association of overweight and obesity with breast cancer during premenopausal period in Asian women.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Breast neoplasms, obesity, overweight, premenopause</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2183http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2183/717718065International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802101120200225Evaluation of Timeliness, Simplicity, Acceptability, and Flexibility in Child Mortality Surveillance System for Children Aged 1–59 Months in Iran21962196EN20200225<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Child mortality surveillance system (CMSS) for children aged 1–59 months is a<br />critical issue in the prevention of mortality. This surveillance system like other health programs needs<br />to be evaluated. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate CMSS in Iran. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">This evaluation<br />was performed from March 2015 to March 2016 based on selected criteria for assessing the public<br />health surveillance system proposed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Selected<br />criteria examined in this study included timeliness, simplicity, acceptability, and flexibility. These<br />criteria were evaluated in two ways. First, it included the use of a researcher‑made questionnaire.<br />The questionnaires were completed by 100 experts on CMSS. Second, to perform a more exact<br />evaluation of these criteria, 24 of these experts were selected for the focus group. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">In<br />this study, the response rate was 91% (42% hospital‑based and 49% primary care‑based). In the<br />timeliness section, 49% of the experts believed that approvals of the child mortality committees<br />have not been sent within the designated time frame; hardware, software, and questionnaires were<br />reported as effective factors in this respect. The structural and administrative problems were effective<br />in simplicity domain and the experts of mortality registration and mood of relatives were effective<br />in acceptability domain. The flexibility of the system was high and appropriate. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The<br />findings of the present study reveal that CMSS has some limitations and problems in the timeliness,<br />simplicity, and acceptability criteria, which can be resolved. But this program has an appropriate<br />situation in terms of flexibility.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Child mortality, program evaluation, public health surveillance, Iran</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2196http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2196/717718066International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802101120200225Umbilical Cord Diameter at Early Second Trimester: Relation to Trisomy 2121942194ENMaternal Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Family Health Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranMaternal Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Family Health Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranMaternal Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Family Health Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranMaternal Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Family Health Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranMaternal Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Family Health Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20200225<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">To compare the umbilical cord diameter (UCD) at early second trimester (at<br />17–19 weeks of gestation) in trisomy 21 and normal fetuses and determined value of measuring<br />UCD in screening trisomy 21. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">This was a case–control study. The UCD was measured<br />in 39 fetuses with trisomy 21 (documented by chorionic villus sampling or amniocentesis) and 39<br />fetuses in control group at 17–19 weeks of gestation. The control groups were low‑risk fetuses for<br />aneuploidy in routine screening and were shown not to have aneuploidy after birth. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Mean<br />of UCD in fetuses with trisomy 21 was lower than normal fetuses, but there were no significant<br />differences between them (7.48 ± 0.99 mm vs. 7.66 ± 0.91 mm; </span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.41). Mean of UCD had no<br />significant difference between other maternal variable, for example, body mass index and obstetric<br />history. Mean of UCD among mothers who had previous cesarean section was significantly lower<br />than without it (7.21 ± 0.97 vs. 7.71 ± 0.97; </span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.03). </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">At 17–19 weeks of gestation,<br />the UCD of fetuses with trisomy 21 is thinner than normal, but the importance of this difference is<br />too small for using this measurement in screening.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Aneuploidy, fetal screening, second trimester, trisomy 21, umbilical cord diameter</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2194http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2194/717718067International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802101120200225Nomophobia and Health Hazards: Smartphone Use and Addiction Among University Students21932193ENDepartment of Medical Library and Information Sciences, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanHealth Information Technology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanHealth Information Technology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20200225<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Nomophobia, a state of socio‑psychological illness, refers to a fear of lack of access<br />to mobile phone, which is thought to be a modern age disorder that causes negative health risks<br />and harmful psychological effects. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the<br />smartphone use and nomophobia disorder among university students.</span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The study utilized<br />a cross‑sectional method in which 320 students were selected via cluster sampling. Data collection<br />tools included a nomophobia and smartphones use questionnaires. Data were analyzed using SPSS<br />22 software in two sections: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The incidence<br />rate of nomophobia among the students was moderate (3.1), and 73% of the students were moderate<br />smartphone users. Nomophobia had a significant relationship with gender, age group, and level of<br />education; and the frequency of using smartphones had a significant relationship with age group<br />and level of education. There was a positive correlation coefficient between nomophobia and the<br />frequency of using smartphones. The mobile phone use predicted nomophobia with a beta coefficient<br />of 0.402 (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">< 0.05). </span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Given the incidence rate of nomophobia disorder was moderate,<br />it is necessary to make preventive decisions and plan educational programs in this regard for the<br />health of university students. Alternative actions are recommended for the treatment in low rate of<br />nomophobia, but drug therapy should be used in more advanced stages; therefore, it is suggested that<br />more attention to be paid to students’ free time and entertainments.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Addiction, Iran, nomophobia, smartphone, students</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2193http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2193/717718068International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802101120200225Comparison of Intellectual Structure of Knowledge in International Journal of Preventive Medicine with MeSH: A Co‑Word Analysis21922192ENStudent Research Committee, Department of Medical Library and Information Sciences, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Knowledge and Information Science, Yazd University, YazdDepartment of Knowledge and Information Science, School of Literature and Human Sciences, Lorestan University, Khorramabad20200225<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The aim of the current study is to determine the Comparison of intellectual structure of<br />International Journal of Preventive Medicine (IJPM) with Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) based<br />on author keywords and index terms of Scopus database and the degree of compatibility among<br />these two groups of keywords.</span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">This study was carried out using a co‑word technique,<br />which is one of the bibliometric methods. The study population consisted of 1104 articles published<br />in IJPM and indexed in Scopus database. After retrieval the articles, data for co‑word analyses<br />was extracted using UCINET and VOSviewer software applications and centrality criteria. Then,<br />the compatibility of author keywords and MeSH terms was examined by Jaccard’s similarity index.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">During the investigated years and among 2402 author keywords, on average, 561 author<br />keywords (23.36%) were exact matches, 417 author keywords (17.36%) were partial matches, and<br />1424 author keywords (59.28%) were not matched with the terms contained in the index. Author<br />keywords matching or not matching with index‑term categories formed the largest portion of partial<br />match keywords.</span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The use of MeSH as a standard tool by medical journals for the<br />selection of keywords in scientific publications could improve the visibility and retrieval of articles,<br />and increase the number of citations and journals’ impact factor.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Abstracting and indexing as topic, knowledge, medical subject headings</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2192http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2192/717718069International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802101120200225Effect of Training through Short Message Service on Compliance and Mean Blood Pressure of Hypertensive Patients21912191ENDepartment of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20200225<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Hypertension has been one of the early mortality and morbidity in human societies.<br />Training and consequently compliance increase will lead to improve treatment progress and<br />disease control. The study aimed at the effect of training through short message service (SMS)<br />on blood pressure mean and compliance scale in hypertensive patients. Hypertension control is<br />essential to prevent early mortality. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">This study is a randomized controlled clinical,<br />uni‑center, single‑blinded. The study was managed in a health‑care center subordinated to<br />Medical University of Isfahan, Iran, in 2017. Sampling was a convenient method therefore the<br />researchers implemented it for 188 hypertensive patients who were allocated randomly into two<br />groups: SMS group and control group. First, all patients filled the compliance questionnaire, and<br />their blood pressure was measured. Afterward, the intervention group would be texting daily<br />for 1 month containing a training text. During 1 and 2 months after intervention, all patients’<br />blood pressure will be measured, and then the questionnaire had been filled 2 months after<br />intervention, again. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Systolic blood pressure mean decreased from 136.23 ± 15.91 to<br />121.70 ± 14.43 and diastolic blood pressure mean decreased from 91.95 ± 8.24 to 86.64 ± 7.86<br />in the intervention group according to analysis of variance through repeated measurement and is<br />significantly different in comparison with control group (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">< 0.001). Compliance scale increased<br />from 72.95 ± 7.65 to 85.40 ± 5.62 based on dependent </span><span class="fontstyle3">t</span><span class="fontstyle2">‑test which was significantly different<br />with the control group (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">< 0.001). </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">SMS training would be an effective method to<br />control hypertension.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Compliance, hypertension, short message service, training</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2191http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2191/717718070International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802101120200225Nationwide Epidemiological Study of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Study of Greek General Practitioners Related to Screening21902190ENrivate Family Practice Unit in Heraklion, CreteDepartment of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, LarissaDepartment of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, LarissaDepartment of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, LarissaDepartment of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Larissa20200225<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">We aimed to assess general practitioners’ (GPs) knowledge, attitudes, and<br />practices (KAPs) toward screening recommendation guidelines of the United States Preventive<br />Services Task Force (USPSTF). </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The survey was conducted during a 6‑month period in a<br />stratified random sample of GPs, drawn from a national database of GPs in Greece. Participants were<br />queried about their knowledge, attitudes, and self‑reported practice patterns regarding screening in<br />a primary care setting. Sociodemographic characteristics associated with vague screening practicing<br />were identified using multivariable logistic regression models. </span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">A total of 299 participants<br />agreed and underwent telephonic survey (response rate: 78.2%). GPs agreed on the key role<br />of population‑based screening in improving patient care, and nine out of ten reported that their<br />performance would be improved with the adoption of computer‑based support systems in clinical<br />practice. GPs, older than 50 years of age, those who those practicing for more than 15 years and<br />GPs working in private sector, were less likely to comply with screening recommendations. Latent<br />class analysis revealed that male physicians and those working in public sector were more likely to<br />comply with USPSTF recommendations.</span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Our findings highlight the need of educational<br />intervention programs for GPs in order to promote the implementation of national evidence‑based<br />screening recommendation statements in clinical practice.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Evidence‑based medicine, general practitioners, Greece, public health, screening</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2190http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2190/717718071International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802101120200225Knowledge and Awareness of Cervical Cancer and Human Papillomavirus among Female Students in an Ethiopian University: A Cross‑sectional Study21892189ENDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, AmharaDepartment of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al AinDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, AmharaDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara & Department of Pharmacy, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351, Australia20200225<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Cervical cancer is causing a huge burden in Sub‑Saharan Africa (SSA). It mainly<br />affects women in their young ages making female university students at risk of cervical cancer.<br />Knowledge and awareness about cervical cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV) in SSA including<br />Ethiopia is very poor. We aimed to assess the knowledge and awareness of cervical cancer and HPV<br />in University of Gondar (UOG) medicine and health science female students.A cross‑sectional study<br />was done. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">This study was conducted from April 1 to May 30, 2016 at UOG, College<br />of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Northwest Ethiopia. Undergraduate female students<br />were included in the study. A 14‑item self‑administered questionnaire was then provided to each<br />of the participants to measure their level of knowledge and awareness about cervical cancer and<br />HPV. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">A total of 267 female students participated in the study (mean age 20.58 ± 1.22).<br />More than half of the participants (59.6%) did not know the main cause of cervical cancer,<br />whereas just about a fifth of them (19.5%) identified HPV as the main cause of cervical cancer.<br />As high as 83.9% of the participants did not know other causes of cervical cancer. Binary logistic<br />analysis revealed that students from midwifery (adjusted odds ratios [AOR] = 14.14, </span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">< 0.05),<br />anesthesiology (AOR = 9.66, </span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">< 0.05) and medicine (AOR = 5.84, </span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">< 0.05) departments were<br />associated with knowledge of the main cause of cervical cancer. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Knowledge about<br />cervical cancer and its causes were found to be inadequate among higher education female students.<br />Hence, awareness about cervical cancer, causes and its prevention, importance of screening and<br />vaccination should be promoted through university’s campaign, curricular changes, and community<br />and research projects.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Awareness, cervical cancer, Ethiopia, females, human papillomavirus, knowledge</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2189http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2189/717718072International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802101120200225The Association between Maternal Dietary Protein Intake and Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus21882188ENDepartment of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, TabrizDepartment of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20200225<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The amount and type of dietary protein affect glucose metabolism. However, the<br />association between dietary protein intake and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk is vague. We<br />examined this association. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>Methods</strong>: We included 152 GDM and 168 non‑GDM participants (total<br />320), age 18–45 years from Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Protein intake was ascertained<br />from 168-item Food Frequency Questionnaire at 24–40 weeks’ gestation. GDM was defined as fasting<br />blood sugar >95 mg/dL and/or oral glucose tolerance test >155 mg/dL. Dietary data were assessed<br />using N4 software and statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21. We tested the association<br />between the amount of protein consumed from red and processed meat, poultry, dairy, egg, seafood,<br />and vegetable plus sociodemographic and lifestyle covariates and GDM risk using multivariate<br />logistic regression analysis. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">There was a significant association between the physical<br />activity (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">˂ 0.035), socioeconomic status (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">˂ 0.013), body mass index, age, and each trimester’s<br />weight (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">˂ 0.001), and risk of GDM. No significant association was observed between the intake of<br />protein from major protein sources and risk of GDM. The only significant association was observed<br />for egg consumption which was lower in GDM participants (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.004), yet this association turned<br />nonsignificant after adjustment for confounders, except for the fourth quartile (odds ratio: 0.43, 95%<br />confidence interval: 0.208, 0.893). </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">According to our findings, dietary intake of total<br />and major protein sources could not affect the GDM risk. Differences between Iranian and Western<br />population and the reverse causality might be the main reasons for this nonsignifi cant association.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Animal protein, diet, dietary protein, gestational diabetes mellitus, vegetable protein</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2188http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2188/717718073International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802101120200225Can High Average Oxygen Saturation be a Risk Factor for Necrotizing Enterocolitis in VLBW Infants?21872187ENDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Turgut Ozal Medical Center, Inonu University School of Medicine, MalatyaDivision of Neonatology, Zekai Tahir Burak Maternity and Teaching Hospital, Ankara20200216<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Avoiding hyperoxia with oxygen saturation monitoring is important in the follow‑up<br />of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants. Role of oxygen‑derived free radicals in the pathogenesis<br />of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) has been well defined. However, a great majority of the evidence<br />supporting the role of hyperoxia in NEC development are data from experimental studies and<br />there are very few clinical studies. In this study, the association between NEC and average oxygen<br />saturation (SpO</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2</span><span class="fontstyle2">) levels in VLBW infants was researched. </span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Average SpO</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2 </span><span class="fontstyle2">values of VLBW<br />infants in the last 24 h were recorded prospectively with pulse oximeter. Average SpO</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2 </span><span class="fontstyle2">records were<br />continued at least for 10 days starting from the first day after birth. In the follow‑up, the average SpO</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2<br /></span><span class="fontstyle2">values of the patients who developed NEC and those who did not were compared. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">A total of<br />127 VLBW infants were followed up. Thirteen patients developed NEC (Bell’s classification ≥ stage<br />II). No differences were found between the average SpO</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2 </span><span class="fontstyle2">levels (94.9 and 94.8%) of the patients<br />who developed NEC and those who did not. It was found that average SpO</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2 </span><span class="fontstyle2">value higher than 93 or<br />95 was not a risk for NEC development (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.693 and </span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.771).</span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">In this study, no<br />association was found between average SpO</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2 </span><span class="fontstyle2">values recorded in the first weeks of VLBW infants<br />and NEC.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Enterocolitis, hyperoxia, infant, necrotizing, premature</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2187http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2187/717718074International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802101120200225Preventive Effects of Duloxetine Against Methamphetamine Induced Neurodegeneration and Motor Activity Disorder in Rat: Possible Role of CREB/BDNF Signaling Pathway21862186ENSchool of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Institute of Psychiatry), TehranDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan 45371‑38791, ZanjanResearch Center for Addiction and Risky Behaviors (ReCARB), Iran Psychiatric Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20200216<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The neuroprotective effects of duloxetine and neurodegenerative effects of<br />methamphetamine have been shown in previous studies, but their exact mechanism remain unclear.<br />In the current study it involved molecular mechanisms of neuroprotective effects of duloxetine<br />against methamphetamine induced neurodegeneration were clarified. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">About 40 adult<br />male rats randomly were divided to 5 groups. Group 1 and 2, as control and methamphetamine<br />treated, received normal saline and methamphetamine (10 mg/kg) respectively. Groups 3, 4 and<br />5 concurrently treated with methamphetamine and duloxetine at doses of 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg<br />respectively. All treatments were undertaken for 21 days. On day 22 Open Field Test (OFT) were used<br />to examine the level of motor activity disturbance and anxiety in animals. After that hippocampus<br />was isolated from each rat and oxidative, antioxidant, inflammatory factors and also level or<br />expression of total and phosphorylated forms of CREB and P‑CREB and BDNF proteins were<br />measured. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Duloxetine in all mentioned doses could inhibit the effects of methamphetamine<br />induced motor activity disturbance in MWM. Chronic abuse of methamphetamine could increase<br />malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor‑Alpha (TNF‑</span><span class="fontstyle3">α</span><span class="fontstyle2">) and interleukine‑1beta (IL‑1</span><span class="fontstyle3">β</span><span class="fontstyle2">) while<br />caused decreases in superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione<br />reductase (GR) activities and decreased CREB (both forms) and BDNF proteins, while duloxetine<br />could prevent these malicious effects of methamphetamine. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">We conclude that P‑CREB/<br />BDNF signaling pathways might have critical role in duloxetine neuroprotective effects against<br />methamphetamine induced neurodegeneration.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keyword</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle4">Duloxetine, methamphetamine, motor activity, neurodegeneration, P‑CREB/BDNF<br />pathway</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2186http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2186/717718075International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802101120200225Volatile Organic Compounds as a Preventive Health Challenge in the Petrochemical Industries21852185ENDepartment of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Islamic Azad University, Shahreza Branch, ShahrezaDepartment of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan20200212<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The aim of this study was to assess the effects of long‑term exposure to VOCs on<br />employees’ clinical parameters in one of the main petroleum centers in Iran. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">In this<br />case‑control study, 80 operational and administrative employees with 8–15 years of work experience<br />were considered as the case and control groups. Liver function was evaluated by measuring serum<br />alanine transaminase (ALT) activity and lipid profile was measured. Gas chromatography‑mass<br />spectrometry (GC‑MS) was used to analyze the VOCs levels at the workplace. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">There were<br />increased levels of serum ALT (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.003), triglycerides (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.015), total cholesterol (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.003), and<br />LDL‑C (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.010) among the operational staffs compared to the administrative staffs. Assessment<br />of the relationship between worksite pollutants and ALT levels revealed that there were significant<br />positive relationship between benzene (</span><span class="fontstyle3">r </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.45, </span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.004) and styrene (</span><span class="fontstyle3">r </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.37, </span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.034) with<br />increased ALT concentrations. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">VOC exposure could be contributed to reduced liver<br />function and impaired lipid profile. Therefore, proper preventive strategies seem to be necessary for<br />reducing hazardous exposure.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Lipid profile, liver enzyme, petrochemical employees, volatile organic compounds</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2185http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2185/717718076International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802101120200225Relationship of Urinary Tract Infection to Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction and Kidney Scar Formation in Children21842184ENDepartment of Pediatric Nephrology, Tehran University of Medical Science, TehranDepartment of Pediatric Nephrology, Tehran University of Medical Science, TehranDepartment of Pediatric Nephrology, Tehran University of Medical Science, TehranDepartment of Pediatric Nephrology, Tehran University of Medical Science, TehranDepartment of Pediatric Nephrology, Tehran University of Medical Science, TehranDepartment of Pediatrics, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran20200212<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common infection during childhood. Lower urinary tract dysfunction (LUTD) is a broad term that indicates an abnormal voiding pattern in a<br />child without anatomical and neurological impairment. The purpose of this study was to determine<br />the relationship between UTI and LUTD. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">This study was conducted at the Children<br />Medical Center Hospital in 2014–2016. The inclusion criteria of this study were at least one<br />UTI confirmed by a positive urine culture and active urine analysis in children who were well<br />toilet‑trained previously. Complete physical examination of the genitourinary and skeletal systems<br />was performed to identify patients with anomalies in these systems. The patients with genitourinary<br />system anomalies and obvious and prediagnosed neurological defects of the urinary system such as<br />neurogenic bladder were excluded from the study. To confirm the presence of LUTD, the scoring<br />system of Akbal </span><span class="fontstyle3">et al. </span><span class="fontstyle2">was applied. </span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">A total of 260 patients including 9.2% of males and<br />90.8% of females were included in this study. The prevalence of LUTD was 63.8% (166 cases) in<br />these patients. In this study, the prevalence of LUTD in patients with a single episode of UTI was<br />50.5%, while in patients with recurrence of UTI it was 88.9%. In patients with unilateral kidney scar<br />formation, 90.9% had a recurrence of UTI (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.003) which shows a strong correlation of unilateral<br />scar formation with recurrence of UTI. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">These data suggest that there is a significant<br />relationship between UTI and LUTD in children, so evaluation of voiding dysfunction is necessary<br />in this group. With early diagnosis and appropriate treatment, we can reduce the possible serious and<br />permanent sequels of LUTD in patients with UTIs.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Children, lower urinary tract dysfunction, scar formation, urinary tract infection</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2184http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2184/717718077International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802101120200225Global Health Diplomacy Fingerprints on Human Security21952195ENDepartment of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, ONepartment of Political Science, Faculty of Arts, University of AlbertaBruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, OttawaDeputy Director and Head of Governance for Global Health United Nations University‑International Institute for Global Health, Kuala Lumpur20200225<p><span class="fontstyle0">Human security is a concept that challenges the traditional notion of national security by placing the ‘human’ as the central referent of security instead of the ‘state.’ It is a concept that encompasses health and well‑being of people and prioritizes their fundamental freedoms and basic livelihoods by shielding them from acute socioeconomic threats, vulnerabilities and stress. The epicenter<br />of “health security” is located at the intersection of several academic fields or disciplines which do not necessarily share a common theoretical approach. Diverse players in the “health security” domain include practitioners in such fields as security studies, foreign policy, international relations, development theory, environmental politics and the practices of the United Nations system and<br />other multilateral bodies like the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Improvements in health are not only dependent on continued commitments to enhance the availability of healthcare and to strengthen disease prevention systems; they are very much enhanced by that intersection between global security and global health. What is emerging<br />is global health diplomacy paradigm that calls for strengthening of core capacities in the public health and foreign policy arenas aimed at advancing human security through the strengthening of global health diplomacy practices. Human security in its broadest sense embraces far more than the absence of violence and conflict. It encompasses human rights, good governance, access to education and health care, and ensuring that each individual has opportunities and devices to fulfill his or<br />her potential. Every step in this direction is a step towards reducing poverty, achieving growth and preventing conflict. Freedom from want, freedom from fear and the freedom of future generations to inherit a natural environment – these are the interrelated building blocks of human‑ and therefore national security.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Development, diplomacy, foreign policy, global health, human security,<br />noncommunicable diseases</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2195http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2195/717718078