International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211320200502Preventive Properties of Ramelteon against Cocaine‑Induced Autophagia and Apoptosis: A Hypothetic Role of TNF‑α Receptor Involvement and JNK/Bcl‑2‑Beclin1 or Bcl‑2/Bax Signaling Pathway22442244ENRazi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, TehranRazi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranRazi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranRazi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20200502---http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2244http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2244/717718083International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211320200502Mind your Language: Discursive Practices Produce Unequal Power and Control Over Infectious Disease: A Critical Discourse Analysis22452245ENFaculty of Health and Social Care, Department of Public Health and Wellbeing, University of CHESTER, Riverside Campus, Chester, CH1 1SLMount Sinai, Department of Surgery, Ambulatory Surgery Centre, 5 East 98th Street, 14th Floor, Box 1259, New York, NY 10029‑6574Faculty of Health and Social Care, Department of Public Health and Wellbeing, University of CHESTER, Riverside Campus, Chester, CH1 1SLFaculty of Health and Social Care, Department of Public Health and Wellbeing, University of CHESTER, Riverside Campus, Chester, CH1 1SL20200502<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Power, socioeconomic inequalities, and poverty are recognized as some of the fundamental determinants of differences in vulnerability of societies to infectious disease threats. The economic south is carrying a higher burden than those in the economic north. This raises questions about whether social preventions and biomedical preventions for infectious disease are given equal consideration, and about social institutions and structures that frame the debate about infectious disease. This article examines how institutionalized ways of talking about infectious disease reinforces, creates, and sustains health inequalities. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Critical discourse analysis was considered to be epistemologically and ontologically consistent with the aims and context of this study. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The study examined three types of infectious disease: • Emerging infectious diseases/pathogens • Neglected tropical diseases • Vector‑borne infections. Examination revealed that poverty is the most common determinant of all three. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">A sustainable reduction in infectious disease in the southern countries is most likely to be achieved through tackling socioeconomic determinants. There is a need for a change in the discourse on infectious disease, and adopt a discourse that promotes self‑determination, rather than one that reinforces the hero‑victim<br />scenario and power inequalities.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keyword</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Critical discourse, inequalities, infectious disease, poverty, power</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2245http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2245/717718082International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211320200502Reliability and Validity of a Culturally Adaptive Version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire in Indian Subcontinent: A Cross‑sectional Study22482248ENDepartment of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, KashmirDepartment of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Kashmir20200502<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Physical activity (PA) is one of the prime public health problems occurring globally. Regular PA is associated with a decrease in all‑causes of mortality irrespective of gender. The study was conducted to investigate the validity and an aspect of reliability of a modified version of the International<br />Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in the Indian subcontinent (InS). </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Cross‑sectional study, to evaluate the validity and reliability of the InS IPAQ‑LF compared with a range of biological variables. In total, 198 participants (50% women) with a mean age of 35.6 (SD = 10.3) years selected from neighborhoods with variable socioeconomic status and PA. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The InS IPAQ‑LF demonstrated good test‑retest reliability for total PA (Intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] =0.79, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.82),<br />occupational PA (ICC = 0.77, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.82), active transportation (ICC = 0.82, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.87), and vigorous‑intensity activities (ICC = 0.82, 95% CI 0.76 to 0.87). Reliability was substantially higher for total PA (ICC = 0.80), occupational PA (ICC = 0.78), leisure‑time PA (ICC = 0.75), and active transportation (ICC = 0.80) in men than in women, but domestic PA (ICC = 0.38) and sitting time (ICC = 0.71) demonstrated more substantial reliability coefficients in women than in men.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The InS IPAQ‑LF demonstrated considerate evidence of test‑retest reliability and may be valid for evaluating context specific PA mannerisms of adults in InS.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Exercise, Indian, International Physical Activity Questionnaire, lifestyle medicine, non‑communicable diseases, physical activity</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2248http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2248/717718079International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211320200502Evaluation of Uterine Temperament in Iranian Infertile Women using a Quantitative Instrument for Uterine Temperament Detection22472247ENDepartment of Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Infertility, Vali‑e‑Asr Hospital, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, The School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Traditional Medicine, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Persian Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20200502<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The temperament is a basic concept of maintaining health in Traditional Persian Medicine. The two main grouping of temperament is hot/cold and wet/dry. Many female disorders include infertilities are diagnosed and treated based on the dystemperament therapies. This report describes design of a questionnaire for uterine temperament detection and its use to evaluate the uterine temperament of a population of infertile women. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The uterine temperament parameters derived from main textbooks were used to design a questionnaire which its validity and reliability was proven by statistical methods. The questionnaire was then used to detect the uterine<br />temperament of 54 infertile females. Also full history and physical exam and vaginal sonography was performed in the 3</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">rd </span><span class="fontstyle2">day of the menstrual cycle for all study participants. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The mean age was 30.92 ± 5.53 years old. Mean uterine temperament score was 3.21 ± 0.53 for hotness and 4.28 ± 1 for wetness. Mean general body temperament was 138.88 ± 17.61. The general body temperament hotness/coldness was significantly correlated with the uterus hotness/coldness (</span><span class="fontstyle3">r </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.0842); while the wetness/dryness temperament of the body and uterus were not correlated. Moreover, uterus temperament was not correlated with the size of the uterus and ovaries in sonography, but pelvic width was correlated with hot uterine temperament (</span><span class="fontstyle3">r </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.354, </span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.0145). </span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">In the present study, the most prevalent achieved temperament was cold and wet in patients with infertility complaint. Moreover, the hot/cold temperament of body and pelvic width were correlated with uterus temperament. This may propose new prevention and also treatment methods in the field of infertility, which needs to be further evaluated.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Iran, medicine, surveys and questionnaires, traditional, uterus</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2247http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2247/717718080International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211320200502Prevalence of Burnout Syndrome Among Students of Health Care Colleges and its Correlation to Musculoskeletal Disorders in Saudi Arabia22462246ENCollege of Medicine, Taif University, TaifDepartment of Orthopaedics, King Faisal Medical Complex in Taif, TaifDepartment of Orthopaedics, King Abdulaziz Specialist Hospital in Taif, TaifDepartment of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif20200502<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Burnout is a chronic stress‑related syndrome with the three dimensions of exhaustion, cynicism, and inefficacy. Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are defined as a musculoskeletal strain reported by an individual. Burnout is prevalent among Saudi medical students. Many studies have found that burnout is associated with a higher prevalence of MSDs. To the best of our knowledge,<br />there is no study that has assessed the prevalence of burnout among students of health care colleges in Saudi Arabia and its correlation to MSDs and compared the results of each health care college to the other. Hence, this is the aim of this study. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">A cross‑sectional study of 392 students of health care colleges in Taif University was carried out from April 2019 to May 2019, using a predesigned questionnaire, including sociodemographic characteristics, the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) Questionnaire to assess the degree of burnout, and Standardized Nordic Questionnaires for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">48.7% of the students of health care colleges had burnout and 64.8% of them had MSDs. We did not detect a statistically significant association between burnout prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics. There was a significant association between burnout and the MSDs, as 34.2% of the students with a high<br />degree of burnout had MSDs. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Burnout, as well as MSDs, are prevalent among students of health care colleges. Burnout seems to be a risk factor for MSDs. Social media campaigns and<br />awareness campaigns about burnout should be promoted.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Burnout, musculoskeletal pain, prevalence, psychological, students</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2246http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2246/717718081International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211320200502Prevalence of Lower Back Pain and its Relation to Stress Among Medical Students in Taif University, Saudi Arabia22422242ENMedical Student, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif CityOrthopedic Resident, Saudi Orthopedic Program, King Abdualaziz Specialist Hospital, TaifMedical Student, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif CityCollege of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, DammamMedical Student, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif CityMedical Student, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif CityDepartment of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, Taif University, Taif City20200502<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Lower back pain (LBP) refers to pain in the back between the last rib and the gluteal fold. Recent psychological research indicates a relevant connection between severe pain and emotional stress. The etiology of musculoskeletal pain shown to be influenced by low social support, high job demands, and low job control. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">A cross‑sectional study of 640 medical students in Taif University was carried out from November 2018 to April 2019. A standardized Nordic questionnaire was employed to assess musculoskeletal pain and K10 was used to assess psychological stress.</span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Our study found 33.3% of medical students reported lower back pain,<br />20.7% reported lower back pain 0–7 days during the last 12 months, and 18.8% reported reduction of activity due to lower back pain during the last 12 months. The mean stress score was 22.7 ± 8.8; 20.7% of students with mild stress reported lower back pain. LBP showed non‑significant association to stress categories (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.409). </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Our survey found no significant association between<br />LBP and psychological stress. The three main risk factors associated with lower back pain were being a 2</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">nd </span><span class="fontstyle2">year medical student, female gender, and high working hours.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Low back pain, medical students, stress</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2242http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2242/717718085International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211320200502Disadvantaged Groups and Mental Health Services, A Dilemma in Metropolitans22432243ENAssistant Professor of Community and Preventive Medicine, Community Based Participatory Research Center, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High‑Risk Behaviors, TehranAssistant Professor of Community and Preventive Medicine, Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Center for Academic and Health Policy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20200502--http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2243http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2243/717718084