International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211620200705Why Children are Less Likely to Contract COVID‑19 Infection than Adults?22822282ENDepartment of Pediatrics, Division of Nephrology, Rush University Medical Sciences, Chicago, Illinois20200705<span class="fontstyle0">The novel coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID‑19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2).</span>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2282http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2282/717718121International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211620200705Prevalence and Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome in Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta‑Analysis22722272ENDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, HamadanDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, HamadanDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan20200705<p><span class="fontstyle0">Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a predictor of several diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, dyslipidemia, stroke, osteoarthritis, certain cancers, and death leading to public health concern in most societies. We aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence and incidence of MetS in Iranian population through a meta‑analysis study. We included cross‑sectional and cohort studies to estimate the overall prevalence and incidence rates of MetS in Iran National databases including MagIran, Science Information Database, IranMedex, and international databases including Medline, Web of Sciences, and Scopus were searched up to October 2017. Finally, 125 studies were included. The total sample size was 472,401 with a mean age of 38 ± 7.8 years. The overall pooled prevalence and incidence rate among the general population of Iran was 0.26 (95% CI: 0.26, 0.29)<br />and 97.96 (95% CI: 75.98, 131.48), respectively. The pooled prevalence of MetS was higher in females and in urban areas. The highest and lowest prevalence of MetS was obtained by the Iranian definition criteria (0.43) and the NHANES III (0.12). The highest and lowest incidence rates of MetS were obtained by IDF (144.07 per 1000) and the JIS (89.73 per 1000). The prevalence of MetS was<br />higher in women and those living in urban areas. Furthermore, the prevalence of MetS increased with increasing age in both genders.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Incidence, Iran, meta‑analysis, metabolic syndrome, prevalence, review</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2272http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2272/717718109International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211620200705Effects of Lactose‑Restricted Regimen in Breastfeeding Children with Acute Diarrhea22832283ENNon‑Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, BabolNon‑Communicable Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, BabolHealth Reproductive Research Center, Sari Branch, Islamic Azad University, SariStudent Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol20200705<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Acute diarrhea is a major cause of mortality in children. Few studies have addressed the administration of lactose‑restricted diets in breastfed children with acute diarrhea. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of a lactose‑restricted regimen on breastfed children with acute diarrhea treated with zinc supplements.</span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The present single‑blind randomized clinical trial was conducted on children aged 6‑24 months in Amirkola Children’s Hospital (2015‑2017). 90 children were randomly assigned to two groups. Group A was daily treated with 20 mg of zinc and a lactose‑restricted diet and breast milk for two weeks.Group B received 20 mg of zinc and breast milk and an age‑appropriate diet for two weeks. The data collected in all the subjects included the frequency of diarrhea and the mean duration of hospitalization and recovery from diarrhea. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The two groups were not significantly different in terms of mean age, weight and ratio of males to females. The mean duration of hospitalization<br />was found to be 3.1 ± 0.8 days in group A and 3.2 ± 0.6 in group B (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.3), the mean duration of recovery to be 2.9 ± 0.8 in group A and 2.6 ± 1.1 in group B (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.2) and the mean frequency of diarrhea 2.9 ± 0.7 in group A and 2.8 ± 0.8 days in group B (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.5), suggesting no significant differences between the two groups. No adverse effects associated with zinc therapy were reported.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">A lactose‑restricted regimen was found not to be beneficial for children with acute diarrhea under continuous breastfeeding and zinc therapy.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Breastfeeding, children, diarrhea, lactose‑restricted, zinc</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2283http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2283/717718116International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211620200705Perinatal Mortality According to Level of Perinatal Healthcare Institutions in Low Birth Weight Infants: Cross Sectional Multicentric Study22802280ENClinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Clinical Centre Tuzla, TuzlaDepartment of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, General Hospital Tešanj, Tešanj & Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Tuzla, TuzlaClinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Clinical Centre Tuzla, TuzlaDepartment of Anesthesiology, Reanimatology and Intensive Care, General Hospital Tešanj, TešanjDepartment of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Clinical Hospital “Sveti Duh”, ZagrebClinic for Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Clinical Centre Tuzla, Tuzla20200705<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">To investigate the total survival of low birth weight infants (LBWIs) in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FB and H) and selected by subgroups of birth weight (BW) and gestational age (GA). </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">This cross‑sectional study included newborns of both genders,<br />GA of 22–42 weeks and BW of less than 2500 g of 10 cantons territory of the FB and H. In the examined period, 22,897 children were born in the FB and H, of which 669 (2.9%) had BW less than 2500 g. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Surviving of LBWIs in the FB and H out of the 669 LBWIs in the first level<br />perinatal healthcare institutions (PHI) was 29 (4.3%), the second level was 286 (42.8%), and the third level was 354 (52.9%). The total stillborn rate was 3.9%. The overall perinatal mortality rate for all levels of PHI was 8.6%. The overall rate of early neonatal mortality of LBWIs in all three levels of PHI in the FB and H was 12.7%. By the end of the first month of life (up to 28 days) and to the end of the neonatal period, 385 (57.5%) of LBWIs survived, and 284 (42.4%) died. The<br />LBWIs by subgroups of BW up to 28 days had lower survival rates in second‑level PHI than infants of the same BW subgroups (500–999 and 1000–1499) treated in third‑level PHI (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.0089 and </span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.004). </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Our results show that B and H belongs to developing countries according to perinatal mortality. A unique database system is necessary to follow progress and trends.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Developing countries, gestational age, infant mortality, perinatal care, pregnancy</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2280http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2280/717718115International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211620200705“Playing with Little Behaviors”; Physical Activity Promotion by Gamified Education in Young Boys22792279ENEndocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranCounseling Department, Faculty of Educational Sciences, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, MazandaranEndocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20200705<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Physical activity is affecting every aspect of our life. A sedentary lifestyle can be the risk factor for noncommunicable diseases (NCD) or premature death all over the world. Several studies demonstrate that school‑based physical activity promotion is an important solution to make healthy behaviors, especially in children and adolescents. In this vein, the current research evaluates a model for physical activity, which is promoted through a game among high school students.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">In this study, 47 high school’s 10</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">th</span><span class="fontstyle2">‑grade boys from Tehran were requited. The game scenario included the suggestion of some behaviors which can increase daily physical activity by each student, like or dislike each behavior by other students, counting likes, selecting the most‑liked behaviors, and rewarding their proposers. After a week, the behavioral recall was assessed and compared with a control group who had been heard these behaviors in the class without gamification.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The participants in the game could recall physical activity behaviors significantly more than peers in the control group.</span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The findings show gamification could significantly improve the effectiveness of education for normal behaviors in physical activity.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Adolescent, gamification, physical activity, schools</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2279http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2279/717718114International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211620200705Effect of Donepezil on Cognitive Impairment, Quality of Life, and Depression in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial22772277ENIsfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Psychology, School of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Isfahan, IsfahanDepartment of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MDIsfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20200705<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Cognitive impairment is one of the debilitating consequences of multiple sclerosis (MS) with negative effects on daily life, individual and social activities, quality of life (QOL), and depression. No approved medication is introduced so far for affected individuals. We aimed to evaluate<br />the efficacy of donepezil on cognitive performance, QOL, and depression in MS. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">This is a double‑blinded randomized clinical trial conducted on 100 patients with MS during 2018. Patients were assessed prior to intervention abbreviated mental test (AMT), prospective and retrospective mental questionnaire (PRMQ), everyday memory questionnaire (EMQ), digit span test, Beck depression inventory (BDI), and MSQOL questionnaire. Then patients were randomly divided into two groups of treatment (daily regimen of 10 mg donepezil) and placebo for 3 months. Subjects were reassessed using the same instruments at the end of intervention. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Fifty patients remained in each group at the end of study. The mean age in donepezil and placebo groups was 31.9 ± 5.89 and 30.65 ± 5.43 years, respectively. EMQ, PRMQ, digit span test, MSQOL, and depression scores<br />improved following donepezil therapy (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">< 0.001) while no statistically significant difference was found in the placebo group (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">> 0.05). Comparison of two groups also showed more favorable scores in donepezil group with respect to all assessment tools (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">< 0.001). </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Donepezil could effectively improve cognitive impairment in MS patients. Also, its positive effect on QOL and depression could result in a smaller number of interventions in this group of patients.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Cognitive dysfunction, depression, donepezil, multiple sclerosis, quality of life</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2277http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2277/717718112International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211620200705The Impact of High‑Intensity Interval Training Versus Moderate‑Intensity Continuous Training on Carotid Intima‑Media Thickness and Ankle‑Brachial Index in Middle‑Aged Women22702270ENDepartment of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, MashhadDepartment of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, MashhadDepartment of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, MashhadDepartment of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, MashhadDepartment of Radiology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad20200705<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Objective</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Obesity has been linked to cardiovascular risk factors characterized by endothelial dysfunction and arterial wall thickening. Regular exercise training is recognized as a powerful tool to improve endothelial function and cardiovascular risk profile, but it is unknown which of high‑intensity interval training or moderate‑intensity continuous training is the best exercise.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">A total of 33 inactive and overweight women aged 40–50 years old and body mass index >27 kg/m</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2 </span><span class="fontstyle2">were randomized to high‑intensity interval training, moderate‑intensity continuous training, or control. The exercise intervention consisted of 12 weeks of training and three supervised sessions per week. The moderate‑intensity group was trained continuously for 47 min at 60–70% of maximal heart rate. High‑intensity interval training consisted of four interval bouts of 4 min at 85%–95% of maximal heart rate with 3 min breaks at 50%–60% of maximal heart rate between the intervals. For all analyses, statistical significance was assigned at </span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">< 0.05.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">According to our findings, while carotid intima‑media thickness decreased in both training groups, this reduction was not statistically significant. In the high‑intensity training group, the right ankle‑brachial index increased significantly (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.007). </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusion</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Twelve weeks of exercise training, especially in high‑intensity interval training, have led to improving lipid profiles and endothelial function, it can be said that regular and prolonged exercise can probably be a preventive<br />factor in cardiovascular disease in overweight women.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Atherosclerosis, high‑intensity interval training, overweight, vascular stiffness</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2270http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2270/717718107International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211620200705The Incidence and Awareness of Hypertension, among Adults in Ahvaz: A 5‑Year Cohort Study in Southwestern Iran22692269ENDiabetes Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, AhvazDiabetes Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, AhvazDepartment of Endocrinology, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, AhvazNutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Centre, Faculty of Paramedical, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, AhvazDepartment of Biostatistic and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, AhvazDiabetes Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz20200705<p><strong>Background</strong>: According to the World Health Organization in 2009, hypertension is responsible for 13% of all deaths. Hypertension can increase the risk of stroke, coronary artery disease, dementia, heart disorder, kidney, and other chronic diseases. In this study, the prevalence and incidence of hypertension and knowledge and awareness of it among adults in Ahvaz are investigated.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: This cohort study was carried out on 688 participants in a study on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome investigated in adults in the city of Ahvaz in 2009. In 2014, participants were again recruited. Based on the standard method and disease history, blood pressure, height, and weight were measured, and a demographic information questionn <span class="fontstyle0">was completed through interviews.</span></p><p><strong> </strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">In this study, 688 individuals over 20 years of age participated with an average age of 42.7 ± 13.3 years, 300 men (43.6%), and 388 women (56.4%). Hypertension incidence was 65/1000 <span class="fontstyle0">person‑years which included 67.7 and 57.8/1000 person‑years in men and women, respectively. The awareness of patients about hypertension was 51.2% in phase 2 (hypertension new cases).</span></span></p><p><strong> </strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">In this study conducted in Ahvaz, the incidence rate of hypertension was 65/1000 person‑years, higher in men than women. Hypertension awareness was 50.5%, 45.1% in men, and 55.1% in women.</span></p><p><strong> </strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Awareness, cohort studies, hypertension, incidence</span> </p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2269http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2269/717718106International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211620200705Hypothesis of COVID‑19 Therapy with Sildenafil22842284ENResearcher, UOC, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Spaziani Hospital, FrosinoneBiochemistry Senior Scientist Consultant, University MilanPharmacological Researcher, ASST, FrosinoneDepartment of Radiodiagnostic, Pisa UniversityDepartment of Radiodiagnostic, Policliclinico San Donato, Milan University20200705<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Backgound</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Bacterial or viral infections often cause acute and severe systemic inflammation, which affects the lungs lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a pathogenic component of the membrane of gram‑negative bacteria, stimulates active innate immune cells, monocytes, macrophages to produce inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Excess production of this compound occurs in COVID‑19 resulting in inflammatory cascade and thromboembolism. We intend to propose the use of sildenafil to reduce this production.</span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Method</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The analysis of biochemical pathways shows that viral infection<br />produces a high amount of nitric oxide (NO), with an acute inflammatory process. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">In the case of COVID‑19 infection we verified that numerous biochemical processes activate a cascade of inflammatory processes through the activation of iNOS with uncontrolled generation of (NO). </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">iNOS is the cause of damage to host cells with a consequent pulmonary thromboembolic lung phenomenon in a contest of interstitial pneumonia. This study proposes the use of sildenafil to counter the inflammatory cascade and thromboembolic episodes.<br /></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">COVID‑19, nitric oxide, sildenafil citrate</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2284http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2284/717718119International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211620200705COVID‑19 Solution22812281ENRomabiomed Research Lab, MedigliaSpaziani Hospital, UOC Infective Diseases, Frosinone20200705<p><span class="fontstyle0">Coronaviruses (CoV) are RNA viruses that cause endemic infections in various species of mammals and avian birds. There are seven known human CoVs, each of which causes respiratory diseases: <span class="fontstyle0">together account for about one third of common colds. Some CoVs have recently entered humans</span> <span class="fontstyle0">from infected animals and lastly we have SARS COVID‑19, (CoV), which causes severe acute, often fatal respiratory syndromes. The prevalence of CoV, the easy zoonotic transmission and the potential<br />to cause serious respiratory diseases, lead to urgent research to discover the mechanisms of CoV infection. Our study has identified a possible way to eliminate the danger of this virus by analyzing the structures by which it enters the host cell. This study indicates that the neuroaminidase interrupts the infection.<br /></span></span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Neuroaminidase, SARS COVID‑19, sialic acid</span> </span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2281http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2281/717718118International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211620200705Enhancing Breastfeeding – Home‑Based Education on Self‑Efficacy: A Preventive Strategy22712271ENMedical School, Traditional and Complementary Medicine Center (TCMRC), Arak University of Medical Sciences, ArakNursing Midwifery School, Arak University of Medical Sciences, ArakNursing Midwifery School, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak20200705<p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Background</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of home‑based education intervention on the exclusivity and promoting the rates of self‑efficacy of breastfeeding.<br /></span></p><p><strong><span class="fontstyle0">Materials and Methods: </span></strong><span class="fontstyle2">A randomized controlled trial was conducted Arak University of Medical Sciences in Takeghani Hospital in Iran between June 2015 and October 2015. A total of 130 eligible and voluntary women hospitalized in Arak University of Medical Sciences Hospital postpartum wards were randomized to receive usual care (</span><span class="fontstyle3">n </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 65) or education with CD and pamphlets (</span><span class="fontstyle3">n </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 65).<br />Data regarding exclusive breastfeeding were collected using Denis and Fox’s breastfeeding self‑efficacy questionnaire. The primary outcome was collected by one assistant researcher during first postpartum visit. The secondary outcome was collected 4 weeks after birth of babies by telephone interviews. Data analysis was performed using descriptive (frequency, mean), independent samples </span><span class="fontstyle3">t</span><span class="fontstyle2">‑test, Student’s </span><span class="fontstyle3">t</span><span class="fontstyle2">‑test, </span><span class="fontstyle3">t</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">2</span><span class="fontstyle2">‑test, and Chi‑square test. All values of </span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">< 0.05 were considered statistically significant. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">There was no significant differences between the intervention and<br />control groups with regard to age (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.086) and gestational age (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.741). The breastfeeding self‑efficacy scores were higher in the intervention group (63.66 ± 6.11) than in the control group (57.04 ± 6.18) after 1 month of childbirth (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.001). The exclusive breastfeeding rate in intervention group was 89.2 (</span><span class="fontstyle3">n </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 58) at 1</span><span class="fontstyle2" style="font-size: 5pt;">st </span><span class="fontstyle2">month after education compared with 55.4% (</span><span class="fontstyle3">n </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 36) in control group (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.001).</span></p><p><strong></strong><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">In a setting, a high breastfeeding rate and self‑efficacy scores were found in education group. Therefore, nurses and midwives are thus required to adopt<br />various health education strategies, such as home education, encourage breastfeeding.</span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Breastfeeding, education, postpartum, reproductive health, self‑efficacy</span></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2271http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2271/717718108International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211620200705Following PRISMA in a Systematic Review: Obligation or Authority?22782278ENSocial Determinant of Health Research Center, Birjand university of Medical Sciences, BirjandGastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht20200705<span class="fontstyle0">Dear Editor,<br />Properly reporting of systematic reviews can improve evidence‑based medicine, evidence‑based management, and evidence‑informed policymaking in the health care<br />system.</span><span class="fontstyle0">Various checklists have been developed to improve the reporting of these studies.</span>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2278http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2278/717718113International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211620200705Indirect Consequences of Mental Health Problems in Crisis: COVID‑19, An Example22762276ENCommunity and Preventive Medicine, Community Based Participatory Research Center, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High-Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranCommunity and Preventive Medicine, Knowledge Utilization Research Center, Center for Academic and Health Policy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20200705<span class="fontstyle0">Exposure to major public health events such as covid‑19 infectious epidemic in any country can be followed by challenges such as epidemiological features, rapid<br />transmission patterns, and insufficient readiness of health authorities to cope with the outbreak among community.</span>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2276http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2276/717718111International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211620200705Cost–Utility Analysis for Chest CT versus RT‑PCR for COVID‑19 Detection22752275ENRVT Medical Center, BangkokDepartment of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China & Department of Community Medicine, Dr. DY Patil University, Pune, Maharashtra, India20200705<span class="fontstyle0">Dear Editor,<br />COVID‑19 has become an important public health problem internationally in 2020. The disease caused problems in several countries around the world. The infection can result in febrile illness with a respiratory problem.</span>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2275http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2275/717718117International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780211620200705Precautions List of Risk Countries with COVID‑19 for Primary Prevention: Experience on Case Traveling from the Country Out of the List22742274ENTWS Medical Center, BangkokHonorary Professor, Dr DY Patil University, Pune, Maharastra, India & Visiting Professor, Hainan, Medical University, Haikou, China20200705<span class="fontstyle0">Dear Editor,<br />The new emerging SARSCoV2 infection‑causing pandemic COVID‑19 is a global public health problem at present. This disease was first reported in pneumonia patients in China</span><span class="fontstyle0">before its occurrence in more than 150 countries worldwide. </span>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2274http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2274/717718120International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802116202007052019‑nCoV Outbreak Declared as Public Health Emergency of International Concern: What Next?22732273ENMember of the Medical Education Unit and Institute Research Council, Department of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (SBV) – Deemed to be University, Ammapettai, Nellikuppam, Chengalpet, Tami NaduDepartment of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (SBV) – Deemed to be University, Ammapettai, Nellikuppam, Chengalpet, Tamil Nadu20200705<span class="fontstyle0">Dear Editor,<br />The 2019‑novel coronavirus (2019‑nCoV) outbreak, which initially originated in Wuhan, has rapidly spread to all the provinces of China and has been declared as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) based on the recommendations of the emergency committee on 30 January 2020.</span>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2273http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2273/717718110