International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENSchool of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, GorganMaster of Information Technology, Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, IlamSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Allied Medical Scinces, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, ShahrekordDepartment of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, IlamSchool of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan20200825<p><strong>Background</strong>: Quality of work life (QWL) is considered as a universal concept in human resource management and organizational development, and its promotion is the key to the success of organizations’ management. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the QWL in Iran through systematic review and meta‑analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: In this study, all articles related to the QWL in Iran during the years 2011–2017 were systemically reviewed by searching national and international databases such as Science Direct, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer, SID, Magiran, Barakat Knowledge Network System, Medlib, and the Google Scholar search engine using valid keywords. The results of the studies were combined using the random effects model. The heterogeneity of studies was studied using the I2 index. Data analysis was done using STATA ver 11.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: The mean QWL score of 15,323 samples were 60.13, 36.80, 76.19, 58.90, 68.78, 50.69, 32.24, 8.01, 70.63, 39.70, and 44.41 based on Walton, Casio, Sirgy, Mirsepasi, SF‑36, Ghasem zadeh, Dehghan, Dargahi, NIOSH, Venlar, Quality of nursing work life questionnaires, respectively. Meta‑regression showed that the QWL of employees had no significant relationship with the sample size and years of research.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The mean score of QWL in Iranian employees was 56.90, with the highest and the lowest score for the questionnaire. Keywords: Iran, meta‑analysis, quality of work life (QWL)</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2285http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2285/717718127

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENClinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Banner University Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZInternal Medicine Resident, Westchester Medical Center, Valhalla, NYDepartment of Oncology, Sanford Health/ University of North Dakota school of Medicine and Health Sciences, Fargo,Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Banner University Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZClinical Assistant Professor of Medicine, Banner University Medical Center, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ20200909The world is combating a common and invisible enemy severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV2), a highly transmissible virus responsible for serious respiratory illness coronavirus disease‑2019 (COVID‑19). As with all respiratory viruses, public health measures are<br />focused on contact tracing, isolation, and treatment of affected individuals, who have respiratory symptoms. However, it is spreading efficiently, and it can be explained from its stealth transmission from presymptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Droplet and contact precautions are followed<br />universally. Healthcare workers are at higher risk of acquiring infection and they are additionally required to follow airborne and eye protection. Recent studies indicate viral particles can be isolated from many body fluids including feces, saliva, semen, and tears, suggesting transmission could be possibly occurring through some of these routes as well. We have done an evidence‑based review of all potential modes of transmission and discussed preventive measures to stop the spread. There is an urgent need for educating the healthcare professionals, governments, and public regarding other potential modes of transmission. Strict preventive measures need to be used to stop the spread.<br /><br />http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2305http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2305/717718147

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENStudent Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, SanandajCellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development & Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, SanandajSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, SanandajMedical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin20200909<p><strong>Background</strong>: Ethambutol (EMB) resistance is a major concern in patients with tuberculosis (TB). The aim of this study was to determine the frequency rate of mutations in the embB306 gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) resistant to EMB, based on a systematic review and meta‑analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: Thirty‑seven original articles (1997–2015) that have been published in valid databases were considered for this research. The articles were systematically reviewed for the prevalence and rate of mutations in embB306 in EMB‑resistant M. tuberculosis. Data were analyzed using meta‑analysis and random effects models (CI 95%, P &lt; 0.10).</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: With a 6,931 sample size in 37 original articles, the lowest rate was related to EMB resistance that was observed in 2014 with 0.05 (95% CI: 0.04–0.07) and the highest prevalence rate was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.68–1.01), observed in 1997. Lowest and highest prevalence rates of embB306 gene mutation in M. tuberculosis were 0.03 (95% CI: 0.01–0.07) in 2014 and 0.78 (95% CI: 0.71–1.84) in 2005, in the USA, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The present study revealed the prevalence and association of mutations in the embB306 gene of M. tuberculosis with resistance to EMB. Detecting EMB‑resistant M. tuberculosis can help in controlling and correcting the administration of drugs for patients with TB.</p><p> </p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2319http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2319/717718161

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENTobacco Prevention and Control Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranChemical Injuries Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, TehranChronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranTobacco Control Research Center, Iranian Anti Tobacco Association, TehranDiabetes Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, SariDepartment of Internal Medicine, Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, SariChronic Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland20200825<p><strong>Background</strong>: Globally chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was reported as the fourth leading cause of death (5.1%) in 2004 and is projected to occupy the third position (8.6%) in 2030. The goal of the present project is to describe the prevalence and risk factors of COPD in a province in the north of Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: This study followed a stratified cluster sampling strategy with proportional allocation within strata. The stratification of the sample according to the 31 provinces of Iran is incorporated in the sampling process. The single most important outcome measure obtained as part of this protocol was spirometry before and after the administration of 200 mg (2 puffs) of salbutamol. The descriptive statistics for categorical variables included the number and percent and for continues variables included the mean ± SD.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: A total of 1007 subjects were included in the study. Among all participants, 46 (5%) subjects had COPD on the basis of symptoms and 43 (8.3%) subjects had COPD on the basis of spirometry criteria. In univariate analysis, urban inhabitants in comparison with rural inhabitants had lower COPD risk (OR: 0.48; 95% CI: 0.24–0.95), smoker had higher risk compared with nonsmokers (OR: 1.97; 95% CI: 1.01–3.82), and subjects with exposure to dust (OR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.09–3.94) had higher risk compared with contrary status.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: This study showed that occupational and environmental smoke exposure was associated with COPD. A new design of preventive measures must be taken to control cooking energy and cooking stoves, particularly in rural areas.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Airway obstruction, burden of obstructive lung disease, Iran, prevalence</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2286http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2286/717718128

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENDepartment of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, YazdDepartment of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, YazdPrivate Practice, Yazd20200909<p>Background: Molar‑‑incisor hypomineralization (MIH) could be appeared in condition of calcium (Ca2+) disorders. Body height is an index of growth health monitoring in child that may be assumed by calcium metabolism. This study was designed to compare the body height of 8‑‑9 years<br />old schoolchildren with MIH and control group.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: This cross‑sectional study was carried out by examination of 606 Iranian healthy schoolchildren for recording enamel defects and body<br />height measurements by a single trained examiner. Putative etiological factors were evaluated using the structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was about maternal, prenatal, and postnatal factors.<br />Statically analysis was done using t‑test and Chi‑square test in SPSS 22.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: The prevalence of MIH in the schoolchildren was 52.9%. Prevalence of MIH significantly was higher in girls. Most of maternal and child’s parameters appeared to have no significant correlation with MIH except birth weight, antibiotic therapy, maternal disease in pregnancy, and medication (P &lt; 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: In spite of lower body height in schoolchildren with MIH, there was not any significant correlation between them.</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2309http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2309/717718151

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENSchool of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Clinical Pathology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20200909<p><strong>Background</strong>: Vitis vinifera (black grape) is cultivated worldwide and has numerous oral and therapeutic applications. It has proven anti‑inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and wound healing properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of black grape seed (hydroalcoholic) extract (BGSE) and black grape seed oil (BGSO) on experimental colitis.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: BGSE (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) and BGSO (2, 4, and 8 mL/kg) were administered orally (p.o.) in groups of six male Wistar rats, 2 h before induction of colitis and continued further for 4 days. Prednisolone (4 mg/kg) and mesalamine (100 mg/kg) were used as reference drugs. Weight/length of colons, macroscopic and histopathologic indices, and biochemical parameters including myeloperoxidase (MPO) and<br />malondialdehyde (MDA) were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: All doses of BGSE and BGSO significantly decreased the colon weight, ulcer index, and total colitis index in comparison with the control group, although greater doses of both fractions had more significant protection. Data of MPO activity revealed that all treated groups with the exception of BGSE (50 mg/kg) and BGSO (2 mL/kg) showed a meaningful decline in comparison with the control group. Concerning the MDA values in colonic tissue, it was demonstrated that BGSE (100, 200 mg/kg) and BGSO (8 mL/kg) caused a significant dip in this oxidative stress parameter.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Oral administration of BGSE and BGSO had an appropriate anti‑inflammatory effect and so could be considered as a suitable candidate for treating or preventing ulcerative colitis. Furthermore, detailed studies are warranted to explore the exact mechanism of action and clinical preference of these compounds.</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2310http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2310/717718152

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENCommunity Based Participatory Research Center, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors & Center for Academic and Health Policy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Community Medicine & School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan university of Medical Sciences, HamadanDepartment of Community Medicine, Education Development Office, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, HamadanKnowledge Translation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranCenter for Academic and Health Policy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Community Medicine & School of Public Health and Research Center for Health Sciences, Hamadan university of Medical Sciences, Hamadan20200909<p><strong>Background</strong>: Health literacy (HL) has been recognized as an important concept in patient education and disease prevention. The rising burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) in Iran is significant. Hence, we designed and validated an HL questionnaire on the most important domains of NCDs, including cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and cancer.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: Literature review was conducted to examine the definition and dimensions of HL. After reaching consensus about the HL dimensions and conceptual models in focus group discussions with experts, they designed questions in each domain. Then, face, content, and construct validity as well as reliability were determined by a pilot study on 72 participants.<br />At the end, a cross‑sectional study was implemented on 206 Hamedan university employees, to finalize the questionnaire.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: After doing the pilot study and analyzing the collected data and according to the Bartlett’s test of sphericity and Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin = 0.421 with P &lt; 0.001, factor analysis was used. Considering the eigenvalue &gt;1.4, a 27‑item questionnaire in seven domains was obtained which included attitude toward health, understanding information, social support, socioeconomic conditions, access to health services, and application of health information. Cronbach’s alpha was more than 0.70 in all domains except the last one (0.47). The second phase showed that overall 75.2% of the individuals had inadequate HL with lowest scores in the application of health information.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The designed tool seems appropriate for measuring the HL level among the Iranian population in the field of prevention of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and diabetes. The results can help policy makers to improve health promotion interventions.</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2317http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2317/717718159

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENResearch Center for Healthcare Industry Innovation, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City, Taiwan20200909<p><strong>Background</strong>: A Chlorella sp. (CLC) has a health supplement in health effects including an ability to treat cancer. The Chlorella sp. Ability to reduce acetaminophen-induced liver injury is still unknown. The hepatoprotective function of CLC was determined in an APAP-induced liver injury mouse model.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: Male ICR mice were randomly divided into normal control, APAP,<br />APAP + Sm (silymarin) and APAP + CLC (0.2%, 0.5% and 1%) groups. The glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT), glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT), Albumin, and BUN plasma activities were detected using blood biochemistry assay. The hepatic tissue GOT, GPT, superoxide dismutase<br />(SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity were also detected. Lipid peroxidation, MDA, protein expression levels were examined.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: The results showed that the 1% CLC supplementation group and<br />Silymarin (Sm) could significantly alleviate increased serum GOT, GPT and BUN, and the decreased serum Albumin. At the same time, the increased hepatic tissue GOT and GPT activities were alleviated as well as MDA. Enhanced SOD and CAT protein expression levels were increased in<br />APAP-induced liver injury. Lipofuscin and hepatic veins cups disappeared in the Sm and 1% CLC supplementation groups shown with H&amp;E staining.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Therefore, CLC probably could develop hepatoprotective products against chemical-induced liver damage.</p><p>Keywords: Acetaminophen, catalase, Chlorella sp. crude lysate, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase,<br />glutamic pyruvic transaminase, hepatoprotective function, superoxide dismutase</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2318http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2318/717718160

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENDepartment of Biochemistry and Nutrition, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, Tamil NaduConsultant Obstetrician, KRG Nursing Home, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Thanjavur, Tamil NaduDepartment of Anaesthesiology, Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Puducherry20200825<p><strong>Background</strong>: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is a biochemical disease which is characterized by elevated serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) with normal thyroid hormone levels. In an attempt to correct the disease at its entry point, we wished to find out the incidence of subclinical hypothyroidism in female college students in Kumbakonam, a semiurban town of India.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: Around 260 female college students who had no history of thyroid disease were screened for thyroid dysfunction by a TSH assay.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: The mean age ± standard deviation was 18.72 ± 2.27 years. The mean TSH value was 3.98 mIU/mL. The incidence of abnormally high TSH values was around 11.5%. The number of such cases was 30 with low T3 values in six students. One had a value of 150 with no symptoms. Another student had a value of 0.15 and her T3‑T4 profile was normal. All students were asymptomatic. None of the students had goiter.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: In an unpublished but accepted study, we found an incidence of 3.5% in the school female children in the age group of 15–17. A sudden jump in the incidence is occurring in the age group of 18–22. This needs a workup of the causative factors and their possible correction.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Female, hypothyroidism, incidence, students</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2288http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2288/717718130

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENTraditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical University, ArakTraditional and Complementary Medicine Research Center, Arak University of Medical University, Arak20200825Dear Editor, An investigation of the effects of studies on the effect of seasons and weather on the incidence of stroke indicates a contradiction in their findings.[1] Since the effect of the seasons on stroke has been recognized for centuries, and great physicians such as Rhazes (865-925 AD) and Avicenna (980-1037 AD) have elaborated on this effect and its contributing factors. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the views of the scholars of the Persian Medicine in this regard. The sages of this doctrine believe that bodily health depends on the balance between the four humours and their unique temperament, viz.: (i) Dam (blood) as ‘hot and moist’, (ii) Safra (yellow bile) as ‘hot and dry’, (iii) Balgham (phlegm) as ‘cold and moist’, and (iv) Sauda (black bile) as ‘cold and dry’.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2287http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2287/717718129

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENTWS Medical Center, BangkokHonorary Professor, Dr DY Patil University, Pune, India, Visiting  Professor, Hainan Medical University, Haikou20200825Dear Editor, Wuhan novel coronavirus infection is a new disease that has become an important public health problem at present. This infection causes respiratory illness and can be transmitted from human to human.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2289http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2289/717718131

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENPrivate Academic Practice, BangkokHonorary Professor, Dr DY Patil University, Pune, Maharashtra & Visiting Professor, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China20200909Dear Editor,<br />COVID‑19 is a new emerging coronavirus infection that becomes global public health problem in year 2020. This disease first appeared in China in 2019 before the spreading worldwide occurred. At present (3 March 2020), more than 45 countries around the world are already affected by COVID‑19 Thailand is a tropical country in Southeast where COVID‑19 was first imported from China and became the second country in the world that disease emerged.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2290http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2290/717718132

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENPrivate Academic Consultant Unit, Bangkok,Dr DY Patil University, Pune, Maharashtra & Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China20200909Dear Editor,<br />Novel coronavirus 2019 infection, officially known as COVID‑19, is a new emerging disease first reported from China.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2291http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2291/717718133

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENRazi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,20200909Hypothesis<br />The outbreak of coronavirus (COVID‑19) infections is a public health emergency during the years 2109–2020 and cause international concern. Coronaviruses are a group of viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2292http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2292/717718134

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENHonorary Professor, Dr. DY Patil University, Pune, Maharashtra & Visiting Professor, Hainan Medical University, Haikou & Adjunct Professor, Joseph Ayobabalola University, Ikeji-Arakeji, NigeriaPrivate Academic Consultant, Sanitation 1 Medical Academic Center, Bangkok20200909Dear Editor,<br />Worldwide spreading of coronavirus disease (COVID‑19) becomes an emergency problem globally. The control of disease needs good policy planning and the policies have to be properly adjusted to contexts in each setting.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2293http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2293/717718135

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENYoung Researchers and Elite Club, Shahrekord Branch, Islamic Azad University & Medical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, ShahrekordStudent Research Committee, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, ShahrekordSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, School of Allied Medical Scinces, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord20200909The new coronavirus that scientifically has been named SARS‑CoV‑2 would result in coronavirus disease (COVID‑19). It has drawn much attention to<br />itself in the world; consequently, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced in a statement that the outbreak of the virus was a cause of public healthemergencies around the world.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2294http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2294/717718136

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENFaculty of Health Management and Information Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan,Faculty of Health Management and Information Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan,20200909Nowadays, coronavirus disease 2019 (CoVID‑19) has become a global pandemic. CoVID‑19 is heavily involved in more than 215 countries worldwide, including Iran.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2295http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2295/717718137

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENPrivate Academic Researcher, BangkokDepartment of Community Medicine, Dr. DY Patil University, Pune, Maharashtra & Department of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China20200909Dear Editor<br />Applied Health Informatics to support for outbreak management is very interesting. Reeves et al. concluded that using electronic computational tool is “an essential tool in supporting the clinical needs of a health system<br />managing the COVID‑19 pandemic”http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2296http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2296/717718138

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENSanitation Medical Academic Center, BangkokDr. DY Patil University, Pune & Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China20200909Dear Editor,<br />Coronavirus disease (COVID‑19) pandemic is an important global public health problem at present. The disease can easily get transmitted from person to person and causes a wide scale of the outbreak.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2297http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2297/717718139

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENPrivate Academic Practice, BangkokDepartment of Community Medicine, Dr. DY Patil University, Pune, Maharashtra20200909Dear Editor,<br />Perioperative management during coronavirus disease (COVID‑19) outbreak is an interesting issue.The perioperative COVID‑19 defense is an important topic in clinical anesthesiology.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2298http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2298/717718140

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENMember of the Medical Education Unit and Institute Research Council, Department of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth – Deemed to be University, Ammapettai, Nellikuppam, Chengalpaet District, Tamil NaduDepartment of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth – Deemed to be University, Ammapettai, Nellikuppam, Chengalpaet District, Tamil Nadu20200909Dear Editor,<br />The ongoing coronavirus disease‑2019 (COVID‑19) outbreak has crossed all the geographical boundaries and has affected individuals, households, societies, and nations at large in all possible domains. To date, a total of<br />1,991,562 cases and 130,885 deaths have been reported, amounting to a case fatality rate of 6.57%.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2299http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2299/717718141

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENShiraz Nephro‑Urology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz1Gastroenterohepatology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ShirazDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,20200909Dear Editor,<br />The pandemic outbreak of the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID‑19) claiming thousands of lives since the last months of 2019, globally, has changed the face of the world, visions and expectations from the medical<br />facilities, and up to now there is no definite treatment or vaccine for the infection.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2300http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2300/717718142

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENDepartment of Medical Library and Information Science, Health Information Technology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Library and Information Science, Faculty of Media, Payame Noor University, TehranDepartment of English Language, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20200909With the outbreak of the coronavirus disease‑2019 (COVID‑19), the world has faced great challenges. To date, no effective and instant cure has been discovered for the disease. Hygienic observation by the public seems<br />indispensable to prevent the spread of the disease. Because of that, as to COVID‑19, three groups of individuals can be defined concerning hygiene information like this:http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2301http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2301/717718143

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENDepartment of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College, Haldwani, Uttarakhand20200909Dear Editor,<br />The problem of fake and falsified information available on the Internet and social media has seen torrential rise with its impact becoming more palpable during contemporary crisis. Its magnitude and unprecedented ill‑effect grow<br />with viral speed across geopolitical lines. Heads of world agencies like WHO (World Health Organization) and UN (United Nations) has referred to this phenomenon of an epidemic of misinformation as “infodemic” in the wake of<br />current coronavirus disease‑2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2302http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2302/717718144

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENPrivate Medical Academic Consultant, BangkokDepartment of Community Medicine, Dr. DY Patil University, Pune, Maharashtra & Department of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China20200909Dear Editor,<br />COVID‑19 is the present global problem. The infection affects almost all countries around the world. The disease is highly contagious and spreading of disease from person to person in contaminated atmosphere is an important<br />problem in disease control. For prevention of disease, social distancing is recommended.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2303http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2303/717718145

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENDepartment of Community Medicine, Hind Institute of Medical Sciences, Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh20200909Dear Editor<br />It has been nearly 2 months since India has announced lockdown, owing to the rising number of COVID‑19 casesacross the country; on 24th March 2020, the Government of India ordered a nationwide lockdown‑1 for 21 days, limiting movement of the entire 1.3 billion population of India as a preventive measure against the COVID‑19 pandemic in India. On 14th April 2020, extended the nationwide lockdown‑2 till 3rd May 2020; on 1st May 2020, the<br />Government of India further extended the lockdown‑3 period to 2 weeks beyond 4th May 2020, with some relaxations; and on 17th May, lockdown‑4 was further extended till 31st May 2020 by NDMA.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2304http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2304/717718146

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENIsfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanIsfahan Neurosciences Research Center & Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanIsfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan & Universal Council of Epidemiology, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranIsfahan Neurosciences Research Center & Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20200909One hundred years after the influenza outbreak in 1918 coronavirus disease (COVID‑19) became a global health issue, which forces us to adapt our professional customs in the health care system. Our recent practice, since the<br />1990s, of processing experimental and observational evidences and time‑consuming methods of developing guidelines seem not to be efficient enough because of scarce evidence and rapidly spreading disease. According<br />to formal announcements, until writing this letter, we had more than 95,000 COVID‑19 patients in Iran with a mortality rate of 6.3%.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2306http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2306/717718148

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENDepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kita‑Uoya Nishimachi, NarDepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kita‑Uoya Nishimachi, NarDepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kita‑Uoya Nishimachi, NarDepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, Nara Women’s University, Kita‑Uoya Nishimachi, Nar20200909Dear Editor,<br />COVID‑19 is a new emerging disease, which has been declared a pandemic in March 2020. Based on several information, elderly people might be at higher risk for severe infections from the COVID‑19.[1] In addition, the virus<br />might cause serious illness especially in obese patients and smokers.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2307http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2307/717718149

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, IlamClinical Research Development Unit, Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, IlamDepartment of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Ilam University of Medical Science, IlamDepartment of Internal Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, IlamClinical Research Development Unit, Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam20200909Coronavirus outbreak is spreading quickly. Thousands have been sickened by the new coronavirus in many countries, including Iran. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the outbreak was first reported by<br />Chinese officials on December 31, 2019, in Wuhan, a city of 11 million in Hubei province.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2308http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2308/717718150

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENPrivate Academic Researcher, BangkokDepartment of Community Medicine, Dr. DY Patil University, Pune, Maharashtra & Department of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China20200909Sir,<br />An important thing for successful prevention of any new disease is knowledge of its natural history and epidemiology. For the newest emerging infectious disease that World Health Organization (WHO) declares as global<br />emergency, Wuhan novel coronavirus infection, it is a febrile illness with pulmonary problem.[1] The human to human transmission has just been confirmed since late December 2020.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2311http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2311/717718153

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENPrivate Academic PracticeHonorary Professor, Dr DY Patil University, Pune, Maharashtra & Visiting Professor, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China20200909Dear Editor,<br />The number of confirmed Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID‑19) cases have been continuously increased since its first appearance in December 2019. The disease becomes pandemic and WHO already declared public health<br />emergency since 11th March 2020. An important public health manipulation for infection control is the systematic case registry.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2312http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2312/717718154

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENPrivate Academic Practice, BangkokDepartment of Community Medicine, Dr DY Patil University, Pune, Maharashtra & Department of Tropical Medicine, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China20200909Dear Editor,<br />COVID‑19 already spread worldwide and it is considered as an important public health problem in world history. The disease usually spread rapidly in tourist town. In Indochina, the disease already spread in all countries.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2313http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2313/717718155

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENPrivate Academic ConsultantFreelance Academic WorkHonoraary Professor, Dr. DY Patil University, Pune, Maharashtra & 3Visiting Professor, Hainan Medical University, China20200909Dear Editor,<br />Coronavirus disease (COVID‑19) already causes a pandemic problem in March 2020. Myanmar is one of the poor developing countries in Indochina that the disease occurs late in the timeline of the COVID‑19 pandemic. According<br />to the local report by Myanmar center of Disease Control, the disease has just been firstly detected in the third week of March 2020. At present (April 1, 2020), there are 15 patients in Myanmar.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2314http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2314/717718156

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENFacultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Calle Juan XXIII, LambayequeFacultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, Calle Juan XXIII, Lambayeque20200909Dear Editor,<br />Coronavirus disease‑2019 (COVID‑19) has become a pandemic, saturating the world’s health systems. Governments have implemented many actions to fight with the pandemic; in some cases they took effect and in others they did not. Government efforts such as quarantine and social distancing worked decreasing the number of infected with COVID‑19.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2315http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2315/717718157

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021172020090920087802ENLiver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development & Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj20200909Dear Editor,<br />Angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is a blood pressure regulating enzyme that attaches to the outer surface in cells of the lungs, arteries, kidney, heart, and intestines. In addition to blood pressure regulating, ACE2 is involved in the pathophysiological processes by converting angiotensin isozymes during cell injury. ACE2 converts angiotensin II to angiotensin‑(1‑7).http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2316http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2316/717718158