International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780212320210613Role of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet in Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: Evidence from Observational and Interventional Studies24352435ENStudent Research Committee, Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranStudent Research Committee, Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences & Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranNutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20210613<p><strong>Background</strong>: This systematic review was conducted to review the studies investigating the role of dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH) diet in prevalence and progression of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) in children, adolescents, and adults.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: Electronic searches for included studies were performed in MEDLINE, SCOPUS, EMBASE, Cochrane Trial Register, and ISI Web of Science until 30 March 2020. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were fulfilled independently by two reviewers using predefined criteria. Studies were included if they assessed the role of adherence to DASH diet in risk of incidence, prevalence, and development of MetS.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: Twelve eligible studies (eight observational studies and four clinical trials) were identified. Despite methodological heterogeneity, limited statistical power, and the cross‑sectional nature of most of observational studies, greater adherence to DASH diet was associated with reduced risk of MetS. However, results for change in metabolic characteristics based on dietary intervention with DASH diet in some interventional studies were somewhat controversial.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The current study demonstrates that, based on observational studies, greater adherence to a DASH diet is inversely associated with MetS presence and progression. However, more interventional studies are needed in this regard to clarify the exact effect of DASH diet on MetS.</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2435http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2435/717718274International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780212320210613Determinants of Waterpipe Smoking Among Women: A Systematic Review24362436ENSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamedan University of Medical SciencesSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Hamedan University of Medical SciencesResearch Center for Health Sciences, Hamedan University of Medical SciencesResearch Center for Environmental Determinacies of Health, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, KermanshahDepartment of Public Health, School of Health, Hamedan University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Public Health, School of Health, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences20210613<p><strong>Background</strong>: The present study aimed to assess the determinants of waterpipe smoking among women based on a systematic review regarding the increasing prevalence of waterpipe smoking in women and the tendency of them to this type of tobacco.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: The present study was a systematic review. The search strategies were based on using a combination of MeSH and free‑text terms. Searches were performed in Iranian databases and PubMed, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, EMBASE, Scopus and Medline. Databases inclusion criteria included articles and gray literature in English or Persian, published between January 2000 and December 2018. The keywords were related to women and waterpipe and related terms. The quality of the articles was assessed using the EPHPP tool.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: In the initial search, out of 1027 articles, 15 articles were studied. Inclusion criteria in this study were the target population of women and girl and descriptive and qualitative studies on waterpipe use among women. The mean prevalence of waterpipe smoking in quantitative studies was 13.980/0. Studies have shown that waterpipe smoking in women is influenced by several individual (awareness, favorable attitudes, and positive prototype), interpersonal (role of family and friends), and socio‑political factors.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Due to the influence of various determinants on women’s inclination to waterpipe smoking, there is a necessity to act and impose interventions such as lessening women’s favorable attitude toward waterpipe, increasing women’s awareness, encouraging negative prototype about waterpipe smoking, and restricting access to tobacco products that can be useful. Interpersonal factors such as the role of family and friends are one of the major determinants in waterpipe smoking. It seems that developing the skill of saying “no” to the pressure of friends can help prevent waterpipe use. Furthermore, educating the family about the risks of waterpipe use is an effective strategy in this respect.</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2436http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2436/717718275International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780212320210613How to Write a Systematic Review: A Narrative Review24382438ENSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, ShahrekordHealth Information Technology Research Center, Student Research Committee, Department of Medical Library and Information Sciences, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of International Relations, College of Law, Bayan University, Erbil, KurdistanMSc in Biostatistics, Health Promotion Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranSpiritual Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj20210613In recent years, published systematic reviews in the world and in Iran have been increasing. These studies are an important resource to answer evidence‑based clinical questions and assist health policy‑makers and students who want to identify evidence gaps in published research. Systematic review studies, with or without meta‑analysis, synthesize all available evidence from studies focused on the same research question. In this study, the steps for a systematic review such as research question design and identification, the search for qualified published studies, the extraction and synthesis of information that pertain to the research question, and interpretation of the results are presented in details. This will be helpful to all interested researchers.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2438http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2438/717718277International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780212320210613Prevalence of Supplement Consumption in Iranian Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta‑Analysis24432443ENDepartment of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranSports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20210613<p>Background: Due to widespread use of supplement among athletes, determining the prevalence and pattern of dietary supplement consumption and its moderators will be a road map for developing a strategic planning in the national level to achieve healthy lifestyle and avoid harmful nutritional approaches.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: A systematic search of the electronic resources including Medline, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and National Persian Databases including Magiran, SID, IranDoc and CIVILICA (between 1979 and November 2019 in Persian and English language) was accomplished. Inclusion criteria were (a) studies containing the prevalence rate of dietary supplement consumption, specifically (b) studies were conducted in athletes. Finally, 32 articles were included.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: The prevalence rate of supplement use in overall Iranian athletic population was 64.8% (95% CI, 55.8%‑73.8%) with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 99.7%, P < 0.001). The prevalence rate was reported to be higher in male athletes, athletes aged 25 and older and elite athletes (P < 0.05). The most prevalent source of information about supplement use among athletes were trainers, followed by physicians, friends‑teammates and dietitians.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: According to the high prevalence of supplement consumption among Iranian athletes, policy making for educational programs is mandated. Trainers are the most popular source to provide information about supplements and educational programs should be conducted for this target population.</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2443http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2443/717718282International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780212320210613Survey of Critical Standards of Patient Safety in Hospitals of Iran: A Systematic Review and Meta‑Analysis24452445ENDepartment of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran & Non - Communicable Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, IlamDepartment of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Arak University of Medical Sciences, ArakSafety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center & Department of Health in Disasters and Emergencies, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20210613<p><strong>Background</strong>: Patient safety is an important and mandatory component of quality health services. Insecure health services, in addition to inflicting pain and suffering to patients, impose a high financial burden on the health system of every society. The present study was conducted to evaluate the critical standards of patient safety based on the Patient Safety Friendly Hospital Initiative (PSFHI) checklist in Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: The present systematic review and meta‑analysis were performed based on the PRISMA guideline. For this purpose, articles related to the critical standards of patient safety based on the PSFHI checklist were obtained by searching valid Persian and English keywords in SID, Magiran, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google scholar data resource through the end of 2019. The studies were analyzed using the STATA (version 14) software.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: In the initial search, 533 articles were extracted among which 7 were eligible and entered into the meta‑analysis process. Overall, 55 hospitals were surveyed, and the results of the meta‑analysis showed that the average critical standards of patient safety were 69.52% (95%, CI = 57.09–81.95, I2 = 69%, P = 0.004).</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The results showed that a moderate level of critical standards of patient safety in hospitals in Iran. Since meta‑regression analysis revealed a decreasing trend in compliance rate, hospital managers should implement principals designated by the World Health Organization to achieve the required standards that are the basis and pillar of a patient‑friendly hospital. With proper management, hospitals should set goals and take steps based on a strategic plan toward achieving these goals.</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2445http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2445/717718284International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780212320210613Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertension in Schoolchildren from Central Thailand: A Cross‑Sectional Study24392439EN Departments of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University Departments of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University20210613<p><strong>Background</strong>: Hypertension (HTN) among children is a major health issue with mounting prevalence rates. The aim of this research is to assess the prevalence of HTN and its associated risk factors among apparently healthy schoolchildren.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: We conducted a cross‑sectional study of schoolchildren in the academic year 2015 from 38 public primary schools in central Thailand for the prevalence and risk factors of HTN. Apparently healthy children aged 6‑12 years were included. Informed consents were obtained before participation. Hypertension was diagnosed as per the new reference cutoff levels recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: A total of 3,870 children with a median age of 9.5 years were included in the final analysis. The prevalence of obesity, overweight, and thinness among children was 15.7%, 13.6% and 5.2%, respectively. The overall prevalence of hypertension in the study population was 26.2%. HTN was significantly more prevalent in boys than girls (summary odds ratio (OR) 1.16 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01‑1.34]). Overweight and obesity were among the associated risk factors of HTN in the enrolled children with (OR 2.44 [95% CI 1.98‑3.00]) and (OR 7.99 [95% CI 6.58‑9.70]), respectively. Obese children who had central obesity were at greater risk of hypertension (OR 9.16 [95% CI 7.45‑11.27]).</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The prevalence of HTN among Thai children is markedly high. Obesity, overweight, and male gender are considerable risk factors of HTN in children. Routine blood pressure measurement and further studies are recommended to investigate the potential risks and to lessen the associated complications.</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2439http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2439/717718278International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780212320210613Comparison of the Effect of Cardiac Rehabilitation on Functional Capacity of Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients after CABG24412441ENStudent Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, SabzevarDepartment of Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery School, Iranian Research Center on Healthy Aging, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, SabzevarDepartment of Medical Surgical Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Nursing and Midwifery Care Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, MashhadDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Student Research Committee, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, MashhadDepatment of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sience, Mashhad20210613<p><strong>Background</strong>: After a coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), diabetic patients deal with various hemodynamic disorders. This study aimed to compare the effect of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) on the functional capacity of diabetic and nondiabetic patients following CABG.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: This descriptive‑analytical study was performed on 40 diabetic and nondiabetic patients attending a similar CR program following CABG. The subjects were selected by convenience sampling and were divided into two diabetes and nondiabetes groups. All patients attended 24 exercise sessions held 3 days a week. The functional capacity of patients was measured and recorded with the metabolic equivalent of Task criterion before and after the CR program. In addition, data analysis was performed in SPSS version 19.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: In this study, the mean age of the diabetic and nondiabetic patients was 54.45 ± 5.82 and 56.85 ± 5.36 years, respectively. There was no significant difference between the research groups regarding the systolic and diastolic blood pressure (P > 0.05). The mean functional capacity in the diabetes and nondiabetes groups was 4.5 ± 0.79 and 5.2 ± 1.7 before the rehabilitation, respectively. However, the results of Mann–Whitney U‑test were indicative of a lack of a significant difference in this respect (P > 0.05). After the CR program, the mean functional capacity in the diabetes and nondiabetes groups was 5.7 ± 1.31 and 6.3 ± 1.7, respectively, demonstrating an insignificant difference in this regard (P > 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: According to the results of the study, there was no significant difference between the diabetic and nondiabetic patients, who underwent CABG, after a CR program. However, replication of the study is warranted.</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2441http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2441/717718280International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780212320210613Development, Implementation, and Evaluation of an Educational Package to Control the Biomedical Profile of Metabolic Syndrome24422442ENDepartment of Health Education and Health Promotion, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Cardiology, Tehran Heart Center, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Community Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Family Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Pediatric Cardiology, Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20210613<p><strong>Background</strong>: Unhealthy lifestyle behaviors are a major concern in the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study aimed to develop, implement, and evaluate a lifestyle education package as a strategy to control the biomedical components of MetS.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: A total of 72 women and men (aged 18–68 y) with MetS were selected through randomized sampling. They were classified into 2 groups: an intervention group that received a lifestyle educational package with close followups and a control group that received only usual care. Anthropometric indices, blood pressure, lipid profiles, and fasting blood sugar were assessed at baseline and after 3 months.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: The lifestylemodification program was associated with a modest weight loss (2 ± 0.4 kg; P < 0.001), a significant reduction in waist circumference (2.3 ± 0.9 cm; P < 0.001) and the hip circumference (1 ± 0.3 cm; P < 0.001), and a sharp decrease in diastolic blood pressure (5.3 ± 1.4 mm Hg; P < 0.001), compared with the baseline values in the intervention group. Additionally, according to the one-way MANOVA analysis, 33.8% of the changes in MetS components were attributable to the educational intervention (P < 0.001, F = 5.27).</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Improvement in lipid profile and anthropometric measures suggest that a lifestyle package based on multivariable health education is an acceptable method.</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2442http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2442/717718281International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780212320210613The Effects of 5‑Aza‑2′‑Deoxycytidine and Valproic Acid on Apoptosis Induction and Cell Growth Inhibition in Colon Cancer HT 29 Cell Line24442444ENResearch Center for Non‑communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Fars ProvinceResearch Center for Non‑communicable Diseases, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Fars ProvinceStudent of Research Committee, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences, Jahrom, Fars Province,20210613<p><strong>Background</strong>: Epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation and histone modification, alter gene expression without the nucleotide template alterations and are associated with all stages of tumor formation and progression. Previously, we investigated the effects of DNA demethylating agents and histone deacetylase inhibitors on hepatocellular carcinoma and colon cancers. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of 5‑aza‑2′‑deoxycytidine (5‑AZA‑CdR, decitabine) and valproic acid (VPA), individually as well as combined on apoptosis induction and cell growth inhibition in colon cancer HT 29 cell line.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: The effect of the compounds on the cell viability was measured by MTT assay. To determine cell apoptosis, the cells were treated with 5‑aza‑CdR and VPA. Propidium iodide was used for staining and the cells were analyzed using flow cytometry.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: Both agents decreased cell viability in a time and dose‑dependent manner significantly (P < 0.002). The results of flow cytometry demonstrated that 5‑aza‑CdR and VPA induced apoptosis significantly as opposed to control groups. Maximal percentage of apoptotic cells was obtained after 48 h with combined treatment.</p><p><strong>Coclusions</strong>: Our findings suggest that 5‑aza‑CdR and VPA can significantly inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in colon cancer HT 29 cell line.</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2444http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2444/717718283International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780212320210613Pulmonary Covid Fibrosis a New Pharmaceutic Approach24462446ENBiochemistry, Senior Scientist, University Milan ConsultantResearcher UOC, Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Spaziani Hospital FrosinonePharmacological Researcher, ASST FrosinoneRadiodiagnostic Department, Pisa UniversityPolicliclinico San Donato Radiodiagnostic Department, Milan University20210613<p><strong>Background</strong>: Patient’s post‑COVID may develop chronic irreversible respiratory failure with “widespread signs of pulmonary fibrosis.” Our study analyzed the causes of this fibrosis to propose a therapeutic protocol.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: Identification of the biochemical causes of fibrosis in COVID‑19 analysing the literature and chest CT.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: The CT imaging shows pulmonary fibrosis. The viral infection produces “interleukin‑6”, which binds to its receptor, in MUC1 of lung epithelial cells. The biochemical response of the cells promotes an over‑expression of MUC1 with fibrosis. Interleukin6 also causes a metabolic imbalance in NO that promotes clots and atherosclerosis of the pulmonary vessels. These results show to promote NO endothelia’s formation to block both the excessive expression of MUC1 and the atherosclerosis effect of the vessels.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: This study proposes to inhibit phosphodiesterase by vasodilatation of the pulmonary vascular bed and the MUC1 over expression by interleukin6, the Sildenafil with the SGLT2 and N‑Acetylcysteine.</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2446http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2446/717718285International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780212320210613Prevention of SARS‑CoV‑2 Infection: A Liposomal Functional Food Approach24372437ENDepartment of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Bioluence Biopharmaceutical Company, TehranDepartment of Medical Biotechnology, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics, Bioluence Biopharmaceutical Company & Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Allied Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranAustralasian Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative (ANNI), Monash University LPO, Clayton, Victoria20210613Known as COVID‑19, the coronavirus disease is currently a global pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‑2.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2437http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2437/717718276International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780212320210613Rising Overweight and Obesity in Children Under 5 Years Old: Need To Basic Practical Actions24402440ENSchool of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranHealth Management and Economics Research Center & Department of Health Services Management, School of Health Management and Information Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20210613Dear Editor, Childhood obesity is considered as one of the most serious public health challenges of the 21st century that has increased significantly over the past three decades. This global problem with the increasing prevalence at an alarming rate steadily affects many low‑ and middle‑income countries.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2440http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2440/717718279