International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021282021101825172517ENStudent Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, TabrizDepartment of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz, University of Medical Sciences, TabrizDepartment of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranFood Science Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KSDepartment of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Science and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20211018Recently emerged coronavirus, known as SARS‑CoV‑2 or Covid‑19 is considered as a serious threat for human health. Due to unavailable specific drugs for this virus, there is an urgent need for supportive cares. Epigenetic immune boosting approaches and developing anti‑inflammatory agents by gut‑associated bioactive macronutrients can be plausible protective cares for COVID‑19. Suitable intake of bioactive macronutrients including prebiotics, fatty acids, proteins and branched‑chain amino acids may result in anti‑viral responses through modulating macrophages and dendritic cells via Toll‑like receptors, decreasing viral load, inactivating the enveloped viruses, increasing the anti‑inflammatory metabolites and inhibiting the proliferation of microbial organisms. Bioactive macronutrients may help in promotion of immunological responses and recovery acceleration against Covid‑19. This review focuses on the mechanisms of bioactive macronutrients and related clinical trials on enveloped viruses with emphasis on gut‑microbiome‑immune axis. Macronutrients and this axis may be conducive strategies to protect host against the viral infection.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2517http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2517/717718358

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021282021101825122512ENDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Isfahan Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, IsfahanDepartment of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanSchool of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20211018Introduction: Anti‑oxidant, antispasmodic, anti‑inflammatory, and analgesic effects have been reported for Apium graveolens Linn. ) Celery( seeds and its active component luteolin. So, this study was carried out to investigate the protective effects of hexane (AGHE) and methanol (AGME) extracts of A. graveolens seeds and luteolin on acetic acid‑induced colitis in rats. Methods: Three doses of AGHE (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg), AGME (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg), and luteolin (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) were administered orally (p.o.) to separate groups of male Wistar rats, 2 h before ulcer induction (acetic acid 4%) and continued once daily for 4 days. Prednisolone (4 mg/kg) and mesalazine (100 mg/kg) were used as reference and vehicle (2 mL/kg) as control groups. Colon biopsies were taken for weighting, macroscopic and histopathologic evaluation, and measuring myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Results: Our findings showed that AGHE (200 and 400 mg/kg), AGME (400 and 800 mg/kg), and luteolin (10 and 20 mg/kg) were effective to reduce colonic ulcer score, area, and index as well as total colitis index, and MPO activity significantly in comparison with controls. Since the lowest doses of extracts and luteolin were not significantly effective to diminish evaluated parameters of colitis, it is concluded that the ameliorative effect was dose related. Conclusion: It is also concluded that both extracts and luteolin, as an important ingredient of celery extract, were effective in the amelioration of colitis in rats, but further clinical and detailed mechanistic experiments are required to introduce these natural agents for colitis treatment or prevention in human.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2512http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2512/717718353

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021282021101825142514ENDepartment of Preventive Oncology, Healthcare Global Enterprise Ltd., KR RoadDepartment of Medical Oncology, Healthcare Global Enterprise Ltd., KR Road, Bangalore, Karnataka20211018Background: Preventing cancer is better than treating or curing it. Cancer prevention ensures reduced physical, emotional, financial burden to the individual. Methods: The focus of the preventive oncology unit at Healthcare Global (HCG) Enterprise Limited, Bangalore, India, is to increase the understanding of how lifestyle and risk of cancer are related. It also focusses on screening of normal individuals for estimating their risk of developing cancer, which in-turn can lead to earlier detection, improved treatment and outcomes. This unique endeavor started one year back, provides counseling and vaccination services for HPV (Human Papilloma Virus) and HBV (Hepatitis B Virus). Our outreach initiatives in collaboration with the State and City health Departments include screening camps, and awareness sessions focusing on HPV and HBV vaccination. Results: The focus of research is in the areas of cancer epidemiology, prevention, screening, and control. Such research involves a multidisciplinary approach involving the fields of epidemiology, biostatistics, behavioral science, nutrition, and basic science. Conclusion: This novel endeavor at a tertiary cancer hospital in a Developing Country is aimed at preventing the development or progression of the malignant cancer process.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2514http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2514/717718355

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021282021101825152515ENDepartment of Statistics, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh NopemberSekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kesehatan Hang Tuah SurabayaDepartment of Statistics, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh NopemberDepartment of Statistics, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh NopemberHealth Polytechnic Banjarmasin, Ministry of Health, Banjarmasin20211018Context: Diarrhea characterized by a frequency increased of defecation more than 3 times/ day accompanied by changes in consistency (becoming liquid). The causes of diarrhea can be divided into 2 parts, which are direct causes and indirect causes that can facilitate or accelerate the occurrence of diarrhea, including bacteria, nutritional conditions, hygiene and sanitation, social culture such as population density, economic status, low birth weight, and immunization. Aims: The purpose of this study to examine the factors that influence the incidence of diarrhea. Methods: This research used secondary data, the prevalence of diarrhea and risk factors in Pasuruan Regency Health Center. Poisson regression approach with maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) estimation and Generalized Method Moment (GMM) used in this study. Results: The results showed that GMM estimation method in the Poisson regression model gave better performance in terms of significance parameters compared to the MLE method. Conclusions: Factors affecting the increase of diarrhea occurrences in area with an estimated MLE Percentage of non‑exclusive breastfeeding and Percentage of normal nutritional status. Whereas the GMM estimation is the percentage of non‑exclusive breastfeeding, the percentage of low birth weight, the percentage of population density, the percentage of smokers among family members in the house, the percentage of incomplete immunizations, the percentage of under‑five years old children less than 2, the percentage of normal nutritional status, and the percentage of middle class socioeconomic status.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2515http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2515/717718356

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021282021101825162516ENDepartment of Internal Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, TehranDepartment of Internal Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, TehranSocial Determinant of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, SemnanSchool of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Internal Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, TehranDepartment of Internal Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Tehran20211018Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a life‑threatening disease with numerous complications. Hemodialysis (HD) patients are prone to magnesium deficiency due to malnutrition, which can cause cardiovascular complications and increase mortality. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of sevelamer and calcium carbonate, as phosphate binders, on serum levels of magnesium, calcium, and phosphorus in HD patients. Methods: A parallel clinical trial was conducted on 54 patients undergoing HD at Kosar Hospital of Semnan. The inclusion criteria were end‑stage renal disease (ESRD), alternative HD treatment for at least 3 months 3 times a week, and serum phosphate levels greater than 4.5 mg/dL. The participants were randomly assigned to two groups of sevelamer (n = 27) and calcium carbonate (n = 27). If the participants were taking a phosphate binder, they were asked to stop it for 3 weeks. Participants in the sevelamer group received 800 mg of sevelamer at most three times a day and those in the calcium carbonate group were treated with 500 mg of calcium carbonate at most 3 times a day. Before and 3 months after the intervention, the serum levels of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus were measured through the Arsenazo method using the Pars Azmun kit in the Selectra auto‑analyzer. Twenty‑one patients in the sevelamer group and 22 patients in the calcium carbonate group finished the study. Results: The results showed that calcium carbonate and sevelamer increased serum magnesium level by 0.20 (P = 0.028) and 0.26 (P = 0.002), on average, which were statistically significant. The administration of calcium carbonate did not significantly change serum calcium levels (P = 0.53), whereas sevelamer reduced serum calcium levels by 0.23 (P = 0.017), on average. This reduction was statistically significant. The results also indicated that none of the calcium carbonate (P = 0.099) and sevelamer (P = 0.543) caused significant changes in serum phosphorus levels. The study findings showed no significant difference between the two groups in terms of changes in the serum levels of magnesium (0.590), calcium (0.116), and phosphorus (0.113). Conclusions: Both drugs (Sevelamer and calcium carbonate) prevented hypomagnesemia and increased serum magnesium levels, but no significant differences were found in blood levels of calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium compared to the two drugs. Considering the effect of magnesium on cardiovascular diseases, increasing the serum magnesium levels through the administration of calcium carbonate and sevelamer can prevent the likelihood of cardiovascular diseases. However, none of the studied drugs was superior to the other in this regard.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2516http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2516/717718357

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021282021101825132513ENDepartment of Biochemistry, Gata Haydarpasa Training Hospital, IstanbulDepartment of Cardiology, Gata Haydarpasa Training Hospital, Istanbul20211018Dear Editor, We read the article entitled “The Effect of Symbiotic Supplementation on Liver Enzymes, C‑reactive protein (CRP), and ultrasound findings in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A Clinical Trial” with great interest.[1] In this study, authors reported that symbiotic supplementation improved the grade of hepatosteatosis in NAFLD patients without any change in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and CRP levels. With this aspect, the current study offers a new perspective on the management of NAFLD. However, there is a lack of information about the association between amount of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) which is an important factor for fat accumulation in liver, presence of diabetes, metabolic syndrome (MetS), hyperlipidemia, and NAFLD. Therefore, we would like to make some important contributions in this regard.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2513http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2513/717718354