International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802121220220117How to Deal with Coronosomnia in Children?25902590ENDepartment of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Nutrition, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanFellow Resident of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatry Department, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Pediatrics, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20220117The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) outbreak affected all normal routine activities. It has led to considerable negative effects on children’s mental health. Quarantine, social distancing, and school closures have led to anxiety and stress and at the final step, they affect the quality of children’s daily lives. Still the evidence related to COVID‑19 outbreak and mental health is limited in the pediatric age group. These days, we are facing a new sleep problem, named coronosomnia.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2590http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2590/717718430International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802121220220117Impact of Motivational Interviewing on Parental Risk‑Related Behaviors and Knowledge of Early Childhood Caries: A Systematic Review25802580ENDepartment of Pediatric Dental, Research Center, Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanFaculty of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Pediatric Dental, Research Center, Dentistry, Dental Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20220117Background: Behavior is important in dental disease etiology, so behavioral interventions are needed for prevention and treatment. Motivational interviewing (MI) has been proposed as a potentially useful behavioral intervention for prevention of early childhood caries. Methods: Studies have evaluated the effectiveness of MI on reduction of the risk‑related behaviors for early childhood caries (ECC) compared to dental health education (DHE) The aim of this systematic review was to assess the scientific evidence on MI applied to change parental risk‑related behaviors. The potentially eligible studies involved the assessment of caries‑related behaviors in caregivers receiving MI. Electronic search of English published literature was performed in February 2020 in the Scopus, Cochrane, PubMed, and Embase databases. Assessment of risk of bias was done by the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Results: Of 329 articles retrieved initially, seven were eligible for inclusion in this review. Four studies evaluated the behavior of tooth brushing and four studies assessed the cariogenic feeding practice, while only one study investigated the behavior of checking teeth for pre‑cavities. Moreover, two studies examined dental attendance for varnish fluoride use and oral health‑related knowledge. It was not possible to perform a meta‑analysis. Conclusions: Generally, results support the application of MI to improve the “dental attendance behavior for fluoride use” and participants’ knowledge. However, the results were inconclusive for other behaviors. We need further and better designed interventions to completely evaluate the impact of MI on specific ECC‑related behaviors.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2580http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2580/717718420International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802121220220117Olfactory and Gustatory Dysfunction in 2019 Novel Coronavirus: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta‑analysis25832583ENDepartment of Health Information Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, KarajChronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Medical Emergencies, Qom University of Medical Sciences, QomDietary Supplements and Probiotic Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, KarajCenter of Maritime Health and Society, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, EsbjergNon‑communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj & Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20220117Background: Evidence showed that partial or complete loss of smell and taste might be a possible primary symptom of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID‑19). This study aimed to systematically review and pool all available evidence on the olfactory and gustatory dysfunction in COVID‑19 patients. Methods: In this systematic review, a comprehensive search was carried out systematically through e‑databases including PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science (WoS); that was limited to English‑language studies published from 2019 up to 6th May 2020. Afterward, all studies reported the taste and smell dysfunction in the COVID‑19 patients were included. The quality of the studies was assessed by the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT). The pooled prevalence of olfactory and gustatory dysfunction was estimated using the random effects meta‑analysis method. Results: Among 28 eligible included studies in this systematic review, finally, 22 studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the meta‑analysis. According to the random effect meta‑analysis, the global pooled prevalence (95% confidence interval) of any olfactory dysfunction, anosmia, and hyposmia was 55% (40%‑70%), 40% (22%‑57%), and 40% (20%‑61%) respectively. The pooled estimated prevalence of any gustatory dysfunction, ageusia, and dysgeusia was 41% (23%‑59%), 31% (3%‑59%), and 34% (19%‑48%) respectively. Conclusions: Olfactory and gustatory dysfunction is prevalent among COVID‑19 patients. Therefore, olfactory and gustatory dysfunction seems to be part of important symptoms and notify for the diagnosis of COVID‑19, especially in the early phase of the infection.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2583http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2583/717718423International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802121220220117Non‑Pharmacological Infection Prevention and Control Interventions in COVID‑19: What Does the Current Evidence Say?25872587ENIMU Centre for Education, International Medical University, Kuala LumpurDepartment of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences & Center of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences, Research, Ajman University, AjmanCollege of Dentistry, Gulf Medical University, AjmanDivision of Community Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur20220117Coronavirus disease‑19 (COVID‑19), a major global public health emergency has significantly impacted human health and livelihoods. The pandemic continues to spread and treatments and vaccines are at different stages of development. Mass vaccination has been rolled out worldwide. This review article provides a narrative summary of the evidence on various non‑pharmacological interventions (NPIs) for COVID‑19 containment. The authors reviewed the evidence published by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health map of COVID‑19 evidence. Additional literature was identified from PubMed and Google Scholar, preprint sites, and news media. The search terms included “Social distancing measures” and “COVID 19”, “Non‑pharmacological interventions’’ and “COVID 19”, “COVID‑19”, “non‑pharmacological interventions”, “face mask”, etc. The strength of the evidence for most studies on NPIs was ‘weak to moderate’ for restrictive NPIs. Ascertaining the impact of each NPI as a standalone intervention is difficult since NPIs are implemented simultaneously with other measures. Varying testing and reporting strategies across the countries and classification of deaths directly caused by COVID‑19 create challenges in assessing the impact of restrictive NPIs on the case numbers and deaths. Evidence on hygiene measures such as face mask is more robust in design providing credible evidence on prevention of COVID‑19 infection. Evidence from modeling studies, natural before‑after studies, and anecdotal evidence from the strategies adopted by ‘role model’ countries suggests that continued use of NPIs is the only containment strategy until ‘herd immunity’ is achieved to reduce the severe disease and mortality.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2587http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2587/717718427International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802121220220117The Atherogenic Index Log (Triglyceride/HDL‑Cholesterol) as a Biomarker to Identify Type 2 Diabetes Patients with Poor Glycemic Control25732573ENDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, SariDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, SariMetabolic Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Prevention of NonCommunicable Diseases, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, QazvinDepartment of Biochemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, TehranMolecular and Cell Biology Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari,20220117Background: Identifying appropriate biomarkers for predicting type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with increased HbA1c may prove helpful in preventing increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). The present study was conducted to analyze the diagnostic performance of the atherogenic index log (TG/HDL‑C) in T2D patients with increased HbA1c. Methods: Patients with T2D were classified into two groups according to having an HbA1c <8% or ≥8%. Atherogenic index was calculated from the logarithmic transformation of TG/HDL‑C. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic performance of log (TG/HDL‑C). Insulin and fasting glucose concentrations were used to determine homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA‑IR). Results: Compared with the patients with HbA1c <8%, log (TG/HDL‑C) was significantly higher in the patients with HbA1c ≥8% (p = 0.025). The atherogenic index was a biomarker for the prediction of T2D patients with HbA1c ≥8% versus patients with HbA1c <8%, as shown in the area under the curve (AUC = 0.61, P = 0.013). The best cut‑off point of log (TG/ HDL‑C) for the discrimination between patients with HbA1c ≥8% versus patients with HbA1c <8% determined to be 0.44. Atherogenic index was significantly and positively correlated with HOMA‑IR in female patients (r = 0.313, P = 0.003) and in patients with an age ≥5o (r = 0.253, P = 0.021). Conclusion: The log (TG/HDL‑C) in addition to its known association with enhanced CVD risk could be considered as a biomarker to predict T2D patients with poor glycemic control. Therefore, the increased ratio may provide a simple and useful way of identifying poor glycemic T2D patients who are possibly to be at elevated risk of CVD.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2573http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2573/717718413International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802121220220117Effects of Curcumin Supplementation on Clinical Features and Inflammation, in Migraine Patients: A Double‑Blind Controlled, Placebo Randomized Clinical Trial25742574ENDepartment of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanNeuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatics, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20220117Background: Migraine is a prevalent health condition associated with significant pain and disability. Neurogenic inflammation has a key role in migraine pathophysiology. Curcumin is a well‑known herb compound with anti‑inflammatory function. This study was aimed to evaluate the effects of curcumin supplementation on clinical features, as well as on serum levels of calcitonine gene‑related peptide (CGRP) and interleukin‑6 (IL‑6). Methods: This randomized double‑blind placebo‑controlled clinical trial was carried out on 44 women with migraine, receiving either 500 mg curcumin twice a day or placebo supplements for 8 weeks. Serum CGRP and IL-6 concentration, and clinical symptoms including headache severity, duration and frequency were measured at the baseline and end of study. Results: After 8‑week intervention, compared with placebo, curcumin supplementation led to significand reduction in CGRP (P < 0.001), IL‑6 (P = 0.041), severity (P = 0.001), and duration of headache (P = 0.007). Headache frequency showed marginal improvement in curcumin group, compared to controls (P = 0.052). Within-analysis indicated significant decrease in CGRP and severity (P < 0.001), frequency (P = 0.014) and duration (P = 0.003) and no significant decrease in IL‑6 (P = 0.454), compared to baseline in curcumin group. There were no significant changes in body mass index (BMI), weight, percent body fat (PBF), and percent body muscle (PBM) between the two groups. Conclusions: Curcumin supplementation improved the pro-inflammatory markers and clinical features of migraine headaches and that could be contributed to could be to its anti‑inflammatory properties.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2574http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2574/717718414International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802121220220117Neonatal Screening for Congenital Hearing Loss in the North of Jordan; Findings and Implications25752575ENFaculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and TechnologyFaculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and TechnologyFaculty of Medicine, Yarmouk University, IrbidFaculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and TechnologyFaculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and TechnologyFaculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and TechnologyFaculty of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology20220117Background: Congenital hearing loss is one of the important illnesses that affect newborns. Early diagnosis and treatment are a challenge for medical authorities in developing countries to improve children’s functional, intellectual, emotional, and social abilities. We aimed to study the prevalence of congenital hearing loss in northern Jordan community and identify factors that could affect hearing screening protocol. Methods: Prospective cross‑sectional study of 1595 infants born in our hospital underwent hearing screening tests. Totally, 104 were tested in NICU and the rest examined in the nursery room using Otoacoustic emission (OAE) test as a primary testing tool. The patients were followed in the three hearing screening phases. Factors affecting screening results were studied and analyzed. Results: The total number of newborns who didn’t pass the first OAE test in one or both ears were 90 (5.6%); 69 from the nursery group and 21 from the NICU group. In the 2nd screening phase 21 (23.3%) didn’t attend the appointment. Sixty‑four passed the second screening OAE test. Five newborns (5.6%) had a second refer result in one or both ears and referred for a diagnostic ABR test. Three infants passed the test and two found to have bilateral hearing loss. Conclusions: Hearing screening test is conducted via a 3‑phases‑protocol. OAE is used in the first two phases and ABR in the third phase. Hearing results is significantly affected for infants admitted to NICU. The following factors increase OAE fail response: mechanical ventilation for more than 5 days, Hyperbilirubinemia, associated congenital anomalies. Mode of delivery doesn’t have statistical significance on hearing screening results.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2575http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2575/717718415International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802121220220117Antifungal Effects of Iranian Propolis Extract and Royal jelly Against Candida albicans In‑Vitro25762576ENMedical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, ShahrekordMedical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, ShahrekordSocial Health Determinants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, ShahrekordMedical Plants Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, ShahrekordDepartment of Pathology, Isfahan, University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20220117Background: Candida albicans is the most important opportunistic fungal that can establish infection in susceptible individuals. Iranian Propolis and Royal jelly are bee products that are traditionally used against fungal infections. This study was aimed to evaluate the antifungal effects of Iranian Propolis extract and Royal jelly against C. albicans in vitro. Methods: Antifungal activities of the extracts were performed according to microbroth dilution method in 96‑well microdilution plates. The amount of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) based on counting the number of fungal colonies (CFU) were evaluated for each of Royal jelly and Iranian Propolis extracts against C. albicans compared with the control group. Results: In this study, the MIC, MIC50, and MFC of Royal jelly on C. albicans were, respectively, 80, 103 ± 25, and 160 ± 34 mg/mL and for the Iranian Propolis alcoholic extract were, respectively, 0.030 ± 0.015, 0.0618 ± 0.027, and 0.0833 ± 0.0599 mg/mL. Conclusions: The results indicate that both Royal jelly and Iranian Propolis alcoholic extract are effective against C. albicans, but the former species has higher antifungal activity. If the clinical trials confirm the results of this study, Iranian propolis, as a new antifungal agent by replacing chemical drugs, can be used to develop antifungal medicinal herbs.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2576http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2576/717718416International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802121220220117The Effect of Exercise Programs on Pain Management and Motor Control in Patients with Nonspecific Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Matched Subjects Trial25772577ENDepartment of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Exercise Sciences, University of Isfahan, IsfahanDepartment of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Exercise Sciences, University of Isfahan, IsfahanDepartment of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Exercise Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan20220117Backgroud: Many exercise approaches have been suggested for the treatment of nonspecific chronic low back pain. However, the best exercise approach is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of three exercise approaches based on the Postural Restoration Institute (PRI) and National Academy of Sports Medicine (NASM) on the pain management and motor control of men with nonspecific chronic low back pain. Methods: The study was designed with matched subjects. Thirty‑three participants were randomly assigned to three training groups: NASM (n = 11), PRI (n = 11), and NASM‑PRI integration (n = 11). Interventions: The participants in each group performed the exercise for eight weeks, three sessions per week and about one hour each session. Pain was measured using a visual analog scale (VAS) scale and functional disability using the Roland–Morris questionnaire. Also, the movement control impairment was measured by the movement control impairment test set. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA showed no significant interaction effect between pain perception, functional disability, and movement control impairment of the groups (P >.05). Conclusions: The findings suggest that different types of exercise rehabilitation were not significantly different on pain reduction, functional disability, and movement control impairment. It is suggested that the participant’s preference for an approach should also be considered for encouraging them to adhere to exercise.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2577http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2577/717718417International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802121220220117Promoting and Updating Food Frequency Questionnaire Tool to Measure Food Consumption and Nutrient Intake Analysis25782578ENDepartment of Nutrition, Master of Science in Public Health Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, TehranDepartment of Nutrition, Master of Science in Public Health Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, TehranDepartment of Nutrition, Paramedical School, Jundishapour Medical University, AhvazDepartment of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran20220117Background: One of the problems that nutritionists have always faced in research projects is the analysis of food intake of the subjects. Various approaches have been proposed in which the use of food frequency is one of the most used in this field. Many tools have been proposed in this area that aim of present research is to update and optimize one of the most common forms mentioned above. Method: In this study, we attempted to update and optimize the 147-item common food frequency questionnaire using USDA database. Moreover, the values of dietary antioxidant profiles, lipid ratios, dietary fat quality, atherogenic and thrombogenic indices, amino acids, flavonoids, and other requirements are included in the above tool to meet nutrition research needs. Results: The re-analysis of the obtained data with USDA Bank showed no difference due to the similarity of the source of information and the accuracy of the above instrument was confirmed. Conclusion: Due to the applicability of this tool, it can be recommended to researchers to use the above tool. We hope to see the Iranian database in the coming years to optimize the above tools based on the Iranian bank.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2578http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2578/717718418International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802121220220117Evaluation of Factors Affecting Thyroid Levels and its Relationship with Salt Iodine to Suggest the Way Forward!25792579ENDepartment of Community Medicine, Great Eastern Medical School, Ragolu, Srikakulam, Andhra PradeshDepartment of Biochemistry, NRI Institute of Medical Sciences, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra PradeshDepartment of Community Medicine, Great Eastern Medical School, Ragolu, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh20220117Background: In India, 42 million people suffer from thyroid diseases. One in 10 adults suffer from hypothyroidism. Although coverage of iodized salt utilization has increased after universal salt iodization, we are yet to achieve the goals of NIDDCP for which the present study was planned to identify the hidden factors. The aim is to identify the factors affecting thyroid hormone levels, their association with salt iodine content and suggest strategies for improvement based on patient perceptions. Methods: A hospital based prospective follow up study was conducted among 140 patients, with an in depth interview and testing of salt iodine content. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software. Results: 96 (69%) patients were of age 18–35 years. 129 (92%) were females, 120 (86%) were from rural areas, 95 (68%) were literate, 116 (83%) were unemployed, and 115 (82%) were of low socioeconomic status. Most of them had poor cooking practices and dietary habits. The T3, T4, and TSH levels were within the normal range in 84 (60%) patients. Only in 28 (20%) salt samples, the iodine content was adequate. The association between factors like intake of inadequately iodized salt (P < 0.01), rural distribution (P < 0.05), illiteracy, presence of the comorbid conditions (P < 0.0001), and thyroid hormone abnormality was found to be statistically significant. Conclusion: The factors that adversely affect thyroid levels were higher age, female gender, rural distribution, comorbid conditions and patients with low salt iodine were prone to abnormal levels. Monitoring salt iodine content, training of health care workers to create awareness were the key strategies proposed for improvement.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2579http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2579/717718419International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802121220220117Short‑Term Impact of Two Kinds of Vegetables to Exogenous Total Nitrate and Nitrite Intake: Is Antibacterial Mouthwash Influential?25812581ENStudent Research Committee, School of Health, & Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanStudent Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan & Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, KashanDepartment of Biostatistics, School of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, KermanshahDepartment of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health & Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non‑communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20220117Background: Nitrate is a compound with adverse effects on human health that can exist also in vegetables. This study aimed to determine the intake of total nitrate/nitrite from lettuce and carrot as high and low nitrate content, respectively. Moreover, the effect of chlorhexidine mouthwash on the elimination of the nitrite level in saliva and urine was surveyed. Methods: This study was designed as a crossover based on the randomized selection method. Thirty‑nine participants were divided into two groups; the lettuce and carrot juice consumers (control group). The case group was consumed these two vegetables, while they used antibacterial mouthwash. The background of nitrate/nitrite of the participants was determined before exposure. The intake of total nitrate and nitrite via lettuce and carrot juice consumption was investigated. The Griess colorimetric reaction was used for nitrate and nitrite determination in samples. Results: Total nitrate concentrations in case and control groups were detected 0.79 and 0.78 mM in saliva and 1.78 and 1.38 mM in urine after lettuce consumption, respectively. However, it was determined 1.55 and 2.43 mM in saliva and 2.92 and 3.04 mM in urine after carrot ingestion. Salivary nitrite concentration 0.53 mM was decreased to 0.45 mM after antibacterial mouthwash application (P‑value <0.05). Conclusions: This study indicated that the intake of total nitrate/nitrite via leafy vegetables was higher than rooty ones. The chlorhexidine mouthwash is an appropriate recommendation to reduce the nitrite concentration in the human body for preventing the probable side effects of nitrate metabolites such as N‑nitrosamines forming.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2581http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2581/717718421International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802121220220117Integrated Exercise and Glycemic and Peripheral Sensation Control in Diabetic Neuropathy: A Single‑Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial25822582ENDepartment of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Exercise Sciences, University of Isfahan, IsfahanDepartment of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Exercise Sciences, University of Isfahan, IsfahanDepartment of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Exercise Sciences, University of Isfahan, IsfahanDepartment of Sport Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Exercise Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan20220117Background: Neuropathy control and management is an objective in therapeutic exercises prescribed for patients with Type 2 diabetic peripheral neuropathy. We examined the effects of 12‑week integrated exercise (IE) on glycemic control and peripheral sensation criteria in patients with diabetic neuropathy. Methods: This study was carried out in 2019–2020 in Janan diabetic society of Najaf Abad in Iran. Based on MNSI scores, we assigned 40 patients into two equal paired random groups (control vs. IE). Pre and posttests were administered before and after three months of intervention. Results: Repeated measures ANOVA showed no significant interaction effect between the FBS of the groups (P = 0.26) but significant interaction effects were observed between the levels of 2 hrs pp G, 4 pm G, HbA1c, Diapason, Monofilament, and Thermofeel in favor of the IE group (P < 0.05). Conclusions: At the beginning of IE, we used massage and foam roller to release pain and improve blood circulation as well as sensation in the neuropathic areas. This may have helped the patients perform the aerobic and resistance exercises more easily. Therefore, better glycemic control and peripheral sensation were achieved. Verification of the long‑term effects of this training strategy requires further study. Verification of the long‑term effects of this training strategy requires further study.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2582http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2582/717718422International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802121220220117Evaluation of Pregnancy, Delivery, and Postpartum Effectiveness of Maternity School Trainings Organized Based on the Guideline of Ministry of Health in Turkey: A Comparative Study25862586ENDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical Faculty, Karabuk University, KarabukDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Zeynep Kamil Women and Children’s Health Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul20220117Background: There are uncertainties and contradictions in the literature about the effectiveness of maternity schools. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of prenatal trainings performed in an institutional and disciplined manner. Methods: This study was prospectively conducted between 2018 and 2019, and 245 primiparous pregnant women who gave birth in our hospital were examined. On a volunteer basis, a study group (n = 108) was created including patients who attended the maternity school trainings and a control group was created including patients who did not attend these trainings (n = 137). Both groups were compared in terms of caesarean section rates, active phase periods of birth, visual analogue scale (VAS) during active labor, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) score, time from birth to first skin contact, newborn Apgar scores, and admission rates to the neonatal intensive care unit. Results: Cesarean section rates were significantly lower in the maternity school group (21.1% versus 29.19%). In the maternity school group, the active phase period of delivery was shorter (p < 0.001), VAS was lower during active labor (p < 0.001), and EDPS score was lower (p < 0.001). Education level was higher in the maternity school group than in the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Institutional and disciplined antenatal pregnancy trainings provide significant benefits during pregnancy, delivery, and postpartum period depression by especially reducing the rates of cesarean section and postpartum depression.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2586http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2586/717718426International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802121220220117Unhealthy Lifestyle Predisposed Shiraz Healthcare Workers to Metabolic Diseases25882588ENDepartment of Community Medicine, Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ShirazSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, KermanDepartment of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Health Behavior Science Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz20220117Background: Poor health condition may increase the risk of occupational problems and reduces an organization’s productivity. Also, there is a direct, bilateral relationship between occupation and health. Objective: To evaluate the health status of health care workers (HCWs) in the largest tertiary general and teaching hospital in southern Iran. Methods: This cross‑sectional study (Sep2014‑Dec2016) was conducted on HCWs, who were referred to Prevention and Health Promotion Clinic of Shiraz Namazee hospital. The participants’ health status was assessed and after the risk assessments and necessary physical examinations, the laboratory and para clinic tests were requested. Using descriptive and analytical tests, all data were analyzed. Results: Totally, 963 HCWs were enrolled, that 64.4% were women, with mean ± SD age of 35.51 ± 8.9 years. Eighty‑eight percent and 77.4% of the participants had history of ergonomic and psychological exposures. Impaired glucose tolerance and abnormal serum cholesterol were seen in 13.6% and 29.9%, respectively. Body mass index was a predictive factor for abnormal blood pressure (OR: 1.12; 95%CI: 1.02‑1.22), impaired glucose tolerance (OR: 1.08; 95%CI: 1.01‑1.16), and abnormal serum cholesterol (OR: 1.17; 95%CI: 1.10‑1.25), respectively. Male gender (OR: 1.83; 95%CI: 1.08‑3.03) was a predictive factor for abnormal serum cholesterol. Conclusions: The health status of HCWs is not good enough in Iran. They did not have an appropriate lifestyle. They were exposed to different occupational hazards. The prevalence of chronic diseases was notable. Overweight, obesity, and inactivity were the most important causes of metabolic diseases.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2588http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2588/717718428International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802121220220117Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity and Risk of Gall Stone: A Case‑Control Study25912591ENDepartment of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranStudent Research Committee, Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of nutrition, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, KhalkhalGastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranGastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranGastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20220117Background: Since the relation between dietary total antioxidant capacity (DTAC) and the occurrence of gallstone disease (GSD) remains unclear, we conducted, for the first time, a case‑control study to clarify this association in the Iranian population. Methods: In the present case‑control study, convenience Sampling was performed. A total of 600 participants (300 case and 300 control) were included. Anthropometric, demographic, physical activity, and nutrient intakes data were obtained from each subject. DTAC was calculated using the US Department of Agriculture’s database. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were assessed using unconditional logistic regression. Results: The participants in the highest quartile of DTAC had a significantly lower OR for gallstone than the lowest quartile, which remained significant after further adjustment for age, sex, and education (model 2: OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.16–0.71). In addition, after adjustment for age, sex, education, BMI, physical activity, and energy, the results revealed that participants with the highest quartile of DTAC had 71% lower odds of gallstone than those with the lowest quartile (model 3: OR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.11–0.78). Conclusions: The results of the present study demonstrated that the DTAC had an inverse association with GSD incident. However, interventional approaches are needed to confirm the relation between DTAC and GSD preventionhttp://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2591http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2591/717718431International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802121220220117The Association Between Dietary Intake of Sodium, Potassium, and Na:K Ratio with the Risk of NAFLD: A Case–Control Study Among Iranian Adults25922592ENDepartment of Clinical Nutrition Student, Research Committee, and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranSchool of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, ArdabilNutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, & Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranStudent Research Committee, School of Health and Nutrition, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, KhorramabadDepartment of Clinical Nutrition Student, Research Committee, and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences,Nutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20220117<p>Backgroundsː Dietary sodium (Na) and potassium (K) relationship with chronic disease has drawn more attention recently. Epidemiological studies reported controversial findings about high salt and Na diets with the risk of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and studies about the association between K and NAFLD are scare. Present study aimed to examine the associations between dietary intake of Na, K, and Na:K ratio with the risk of NAFLD. Methods: We analyzed data from a case– control study of 225 patients with NAFLD cases and 450 controls. Dietary intake of Na and K measured using a validated 168 item food frequency questionnaire. Adjusted logistic regression models were used to report odds ratio (OR) 95% confidence interval (CI) of NAFLD across tertiles of Na, K, and Na:K ratio. Results: The mean ± standard deviation of age and body mass index of participants (47% female) were 38.1 ± 8.8 years and 26.8 ± 4.3 Kg/m2 . In the age‑ and sex‑adjusted model, there was any significant association between Na, K, and Na: K ratio with the risk of NAFLD. In the final adjusted model, the OR (95%CI) of the highest vs the lowest tertiles of K, Na, and Na:K was 0.39 (0.19–0.80), 0.71 (0.40–1.25), and 1.10 (0.61–1.97), respectively. Conclusion: The present study indicates that higher dietary K was related to lower odds of NAFLD; however, there was no association between dietary Na and Na: K ratio with odds of NAFLD.</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2592http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2592/717718432International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802121220220117Age at Natural Menopause; A Data Mining Approach (Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013‑2014)25932593ENStudent Research Committee, School of Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranReproductive Endocrinology Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, TehranDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology, School of Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti Unive20220117Background: The timing of the age at which menopause occurs varies among female populations. This variation is attributed to genetic and environmental factors. This study aims to investigate the determinants of early and late‑onset menopause. Methods: We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013‑2014 for 762 naturally menopause women. Data on sociodemographic, lifestyle, examination, and laboratory characteristics were examined. We used random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), and logistic regression (LR) to identify important determinants of early and late‑onset menopause. We compared the performance of models using sensitivity, specificity, Brier score, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC). The top determinants were assessed by using the best performing models, using the mean decease in Gini. Results: Random forest outperformed LR and SVM with overall AUROC 99% for identifying related factors of early and late‑onset menopause (Brier score: 0.051 for early and 0.005 for late‑onset menopause). Vitamin B12 and age at menarche were strongly related to early menopause. Also, methylmalonic acid (MMA), vitamin D, body mass index (BMI) were among the top highly ranked factors contributing to early menopause. Features such as age at menarche, MMA, sex hormone‑binding globulin (SHBG), BMI, vitamin B12 were the most important covariate for late‑onset menopause. Conclusions: Menarche age and BMI are among the important contributors of early and late‑onset menopause. More research on the association between vitamin D, vitamin B12, SHBG, and menopause timing is required which will produce invaluable information for better prediction of menopause timing.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2593http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2593/717718433International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802121220220117Nutritional Status, Anthropometric Measurements and Physical Activity Level in Adolescents 13‑18 Years Old in Tehran, Iran, in 201925842584ENDepartment of Nutrition Researches, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical, Tehran20220117Background: Considering the importance of adolescent obesity on adulthood health, this cross‑sectional study aimed 408 students aged 13‑18 years from different socioeconomic districts through convenience sampling to investigate nutritional status and physical activity (PA) level focusing on sex and socioeconomic differences. Methods: Weight and height were measured to investigate prevalence of obesity and underweight based on percentile of body mass index (BMI) for age. Information on dietary intake were collected via 3‑day food recalls. PA level was investigated using a valid and reliable questionnaire. Results: The prevalence of underweight, overweight, and obesity were 4.9%, 15.9% and 23%, respectively. Weight and height were higher in boys than girls significantly (P‑value < 0.001). Calorie intake in prosperous districts was higher than semi‑prosperous districts (P = 0.01). Intake of zinc and calcium in prosperous districts was higher than semi‑prosperous and disadvantaged districts (P‑value < 0.001 and 0.02, respectively). Intake of calcium and zinc in both sexes and iron in girls, was lower than recommended dietary allowances (RDA) in all districts (P‑value < 0.001). Conclusions: High prevalence of obesity and low micronutrients intake, especially in disadvantaged districts, suggest an urgent need to plan many efficient programs to prevent serious problems in future.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2584http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2584/717718424International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802121220220117New COVID‑19 Variant, VUI‑202012/01: Molecular Change, Epitope Alteration, and Implication for Vaccine Efficacy25852585ENDepartment of Community Medicine, Private Academic Consultant, Bangkok1 Honoary Professor, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Pune20220117<p>Dear Editor,</p><p>COVID‑19 is the new emerging coronavirus infection. The pandemic results in more than 75,000,000 people around the world (data on December 21, 2020). In clinical genetic, impact of genetic change on the infection is an interesting issue. The mutation might occur with the SARSCoV2 virus molecule.</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2585http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2585/717718425International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802121220220117Change Paradigm in the Face of COVID‑19; From Bans to Incentives25892589ENDepartment of Health Services Management, Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanHealth Information Technology Research Center, Student Research Committee, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Health Services Management, Student Research Committee of School of Management and Medical Information, Health Management and Economics Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20220117In December 2019, the COVID‑19 virus appeared in Wuhan, Hubei Province, in China. As of February 16, 2021, there were 109,865,149 infected people and 2,423,838 deaths due to COVID‑19 disease in the world. According to WHO, COVID‑19 disease is a common enemy of humanity and is a public health emergency. This international organization advises governments to stop the virus transmission cycle by considering proper policies.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2589http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2589/717718429