International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021332022041026292629ENSchool of Medical Sciences, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, SemnanSchool of Rehabilitation, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, SemnanObesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20220409<strong>Background</strong>: The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide. Obesity is associated with severe health effects. Abdominal obesity has a strong association with metabolic dysfunction. A subgroup of people with central obesity has been identified without typical metabolic disorders associated with obesity that has been known metabolically healthy abdominal obese (MHAO). The purpose of this review is to evaluate the MHAO phenotype in the context of type 2 DM incidence, risk of cardiovascular diseases, and all‑cause of mortality. <strong>Methods</strong>: This is a protocol of systematic review. We will search PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest. Additional studies will be identified through manual searching of reference lists. Quantitative studies evaluating abdominal obesity phenotype outcomes in adults will be included. Primary results will be assaying abdominal obesity phenotype results, including DM2 incidence, cardiovascular disease risk, and all‑cause mortality. Two reviewers will independently screen full‑text articles and abstract data. Statistical Analysis Used: Potential conflicts will be resolved through discussion. <strong>Results</strong>: The study methodological quality (or bias) will be appraised using appropriate tools. If feasible, we will conduct a random‑effects meta‑analysis. The researchers will also assess the quality of the articles independently based on Newcastle‑Ottawa scale. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: The results of this review will provide a useful reference for the effect of abdominal obesity on metabolic dysfunction and cardiovascular or all‑cause mortalityhttp://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2629http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2629/717718470

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021332022041026322632ENResearch Center of Psychiatry and Behaviors Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, TabrizResearch Center of Psychiatry and Behaviors Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences & Research Centre for EvidenceBased Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranResearch Center of Psychiatry and Behaviors Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, TabrizRoad Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz20220409<strong>Background</strong>: Health managers often do not have adequate information for decision making on what strategy makes an effective impact on suicide prevention. Despite the availability of global Suicide Prevention Programs (SPP), no previous investigation has developed combinations of a review study with expert opinions. This study was aimed to identify effective programs for suicide prevention. <strong>Methods</strong>: We used two methods for selecting the effective SPP. (1) review of systematic reviews: we systematically searched to find relevant review studies through Medline, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and gray literatures. (2) Expert panel opinions: effective programs identified from the previous step were combined with expert views via the Hanlon method. <strong>Results</strong>: A total of 27 since some of them were reports met the inclusion criteria. After full‑text screening 9 records included. We found the following 12 SPP for prioritizing and rating the most effective interventions by an expert panel: (1) case management of Suicide Attempters (SAs), (2) identification and treatment of depression, (3) registry for suicide, (4) identifying local determinants of Suicidal behavior (SB), (5) public awareness campaigns, (6) gatekeepers’ training, (7) conducting research, (8) school‑based training, (9) improving knowledge and attitudes, (10) restricting access to means, (11) at‑risk people screening, (12) mass media. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Seven effective SPP identified after combined 12 included interventions with expert panel opinion: (1) Case management of SAs, (2) Identification and treatment of depression, (3) Improving a registry for suicide, (4) Identifying local determinants of SB, (5) Public awareness campaigns, (6) Training gatekeepers, and (7) Conducting research.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2632http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2632/717718473

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021332022041026342634ENDepartment of Physical Therapy, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Physical Therapy, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CADepartment of Physical Therapy, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, University of California, San Francisco, CA20220410Identifying factors that impact physical function in older populations is important for the maintenance of good health with aging. Age‑related hyperkyphosis, an excessive curvature in the thoracic spine, affects up to 40% of the older adults and is more common in older females than males. An association of age‑related hyperkyphosis with impaired physical function has been reported in numerous studies, however, other studies have reported that a greater magnitude of kyphosis did not associate with impaired physical function. Given the inconsistencies regarding the impact of hyperkyphosis on physical function, the purpose of our study is to perform a systematic review of the existing studies in order to better describe the association between hyperkyphosis and physical function. Prospective and retrospective cohort, case‑control, and cross‑sectional studies which measure physical function by valid functional tests and questionnaires in older females will be included. We will search Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and PEDro databases. Studies will be searched and then selected by two independent reviewers based on quality assessment tools from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI). A meta‑analysis will be conducted if data reported for individual studies allow. Specifically, if two or more individual studies provide measures of central tendency and variability from any of the categories of physical function measures, data will be gathered for meta‑analysis. If a meta‑analysis is not possible, data will be synthesized and described in a narrative form by size and variability of effect, direction of effect, and association with hyperkyphosishttp://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2634http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2634/717718475

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021332022041026382638ENDental Research Centre, Oral Pathology Department, Dental Faculty, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran & Pathology Department of Faculty of Medicine, Griffith University, Gold Coast,20220410Coronavirus, discovered in the 1960s, is able to infect human hosts and causes mild to serious respiratory problems. In the last two decades, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‑CoV), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‑CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) have been recognized. It has long been demonstrated that MERS‑CoV binds to dipeptidyl peptidase 4 and SARS‑CoV binds to angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2. A “cytokine storm” is the main pathophysiology of aforementioned viruses. Infiltration of neutrophils at the site of the infection is a risk factor for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome and death. The new coronavirus, SARS‑CoV‑2, has infected more people than SARS‑Cov and MERS‑CoV as it can easily be transmitted from person to person. Epidemiological studies indicate that majority of individuals are asymptomatic; therefore, an effective and an efficient tool is required for rapid testing. Identification of various cytokine and inflammatory factor expression levels can help in outcome prediction. In this study we reviewed immune responses in SARS-CoV, Mers-CoV, and SARS-COV-2 infections and the role of inflammatory cells.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2638http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2638/717718479

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021332022041026312631ENDepartment of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of IsfahanDepartment of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of IsfahanDepartment of Sport Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of IsfahanDepartment of Biology,, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan20220409<strong>Background</strong>: This study aimed to determine the effect of garlic consumption and endurance training on the serum levels of some pro‑inflammatory and anti‑inflammatory cytokines in female mice with breast cancer. <strong>Methods</strong>: This study is an experimental research randomly conducted on 32 female BALB/c mice divided into 4 equal groups (N = 8), including: Cancer Control (CC), Garlic Supplementation (GS), Endurance Training (ET), Endurance Training + Garlic Supplementation (ET + GS). One million cancerous cells were injected to all mice’s upper right thigh using the subcutaneous injection method. Exercise groups performed endurance training for 8 weeks (5 days a week .(Garlic supplement groups received 1 ml of the garlic extract orally per kilogram of body weight. The control groups ‑were not given any task, activity or exercise during the research. At the end of the research, all the mice were anesthetized, and their blood samples were collected. <strong>Results</strong>: The period of 8‑week simultaneous endurance exercise and consumption of garlic supplement significantly decreased the serum level of interleukin‑6 (F = 75 P = 0.00), interleukin‑8 (F = 97.9 P = 0.00), and interleukin‑17 (F = 95.7 P = 0.00), and increased the serum level of interleukin‑10 (F = 50.4 P = 0.00). <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Along with other existing methods, reduction of inflammatory factors, endurance exercises and consumption of garlic supplement have been proved to be an extremely effective treatment for breast cancer patients.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2631http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2631/717718472

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021332022041026362636ENNursing Care Research Center (NCRC), School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranSchool of Nursing and Midwifery Amol, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, SariDepartment of Physiological Nursing, School of Nursing and Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CaliforniaPediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Research Center, Research Institute for Children’s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranPediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Research Center, Research Institute for Children’s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranPediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Research Center, Research Institute for Children’s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranPediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Research Center, Research Institute for Children’s Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20220410<strong>Background</strong>: Although poor dietary habits have a great effect on the health status of children, especially in toddlers, a few questionnaires exist for the assessment of dietary imbalances. This study aims to assess the validity and reliability of the NutriCHEQ in Iranian healthy toddlers. <strong>Methods</strong>: In this cross‑sectional study, first, the NutriCHEQ was translated to Persian and culturally adapted by the forward–backward translation technique. In order to assess the face validity, we used a cognitive interviewing technique of 25 parents/caretakers of healthy toddlers. In the next step, experts assessed content validity, respectively. One item was removed during the content validity process. Then, a blueprint of NutriCHEQ was distributed among 156 parents/caretakers of healthy toddlers in different focal points in Tehran for assessing construct validity by nonlinear principal components analysis. In addition, the anthropometric indices checklist and Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) were filled out for toddlers. Then, construct validity was assessed. The Varimax rotation ran for two sections separately. The four‑factor structure was confirmed. <strong>Results</strong>: The model showed a good fit, and all the extracted variance of four factors were satisfactory (F1 = 20.77; F2 = 22.30; F3 = 14.75; and F4 = 13.71). All of the extracted items of the NutriCHEQ in two parts showed 71.53% cumulative variance. For criterion‑related validity, there was a statistically significant positive correlation between the NutriCHEQ and Z‑score (rho = 0.632, P &lt; 0.001). The Bland‑Altman result indicates 95% limits of agreement between the NutriCHEQ questionnaire and Z‑score. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Therefore, we concluded that NutriCHEQ is a valid, reliable, and convenient instrument to identify the Iranian toddlers’ nutritional status. Therefore, it can be used for research and clinical settings.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2636http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2636/717718477

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021332022041026372637ENDepartment of Genetics & Molecular biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Genetics & Molecular biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Genetics & Molecular biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, TabrizDepartment of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medcine Islamic Azad University Mashhad Branch, MashhadDepartment of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical, Tehran1 Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20220410<strong>Background</strong>: The promoter methylation and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) affect the transcription activity of cancer‑related genes in several cancers including diffuse gastric cancer (DGC). Here we aimed to evaluate the promoter methylation status and the rs16260 at the promoter region of the CDH1 gene in DGC. <strong>Methods</strong>: This case‑control study was performed of 48 formalin‑fixed paraffin‑embedded (FFPE) blocks of DGC patients and 41 fresh frozen tissue samples of healthy individuals. Methylation status was evaluated using methylation‑specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the rs16260 at the promoter region of the CDH1 gene was assessed using PCR and sequencing method. <strong>Results</strong>: The occurrence of methylation at the promoter region of the CDH1 gene in DGC patients was significantly higher than control samples (P &lt; 0.0001). The methylated status was significantly associated with the poor differentiated histological type of DGC (P = 0.0428). The frequency of AC genotype and the A allele in DGC patients was significantly higher than the control subjects (P = 0.006 and 0.003, respectively). <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Here we showed that methylation at the CDH1 promoter may contribute to the DGC development, and also the AC genotype was associated with the risk of DGC.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2637http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2637/717718478

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021332022041026302630ENDepartment of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanÉcole d’orthophonie et d’audiologie, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QuebecDepartment of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan & Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sogang University, SeoulDepartment of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20220409Dear Editor, This study was conducted due to the prevalence increase of hearing loss in Iran industries, despite the outspread in hearing protection programs. There was also a report from Canada, Oct 8, 2018 on Hearing Disorders, according to a recent study from Work Safe BC, The National Safety Council’s Safety Health Magazine. Researchers looked at hearing test data collected by oil and gas employers from 2012 to 2017. They found that, despite an increase in workers reporting they wear hearing protection (to 98% from 94%), the percentage of workers with noise‑induced hearing loss grew to 45 from 33. Of the 294 workers affected, 66% were younger than 35.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2630http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2630/717718471

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021332022041026332633ENDepartment of Physiotherapy, Monash University, Non-invasive Brain Stimulation and Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Peninsula Campus, Building B, Frankston VIC 3199, Melbourne, VictoriaRehabilitation Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences & Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz20220410<p>Dear Editor</p><p>We have read the article entitled “Psychometric properties of the Persian version of MAFS published in your journal recently. We have published an article entitled “Validity and reliability of MAFS in Iranian patients with relapsing‑remitting subtype of multiple sclerosis.”</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2633http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2633/717718474

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021332022041026352635ENPrivate Academic Consultant, BangkokHonorary professor, Dr DY Patil University, Pune, Maharashtra, India; Adjunct Professor, Joseph Ayobabalola University, Ikeiji‑Arakeji20220410<p>Dear Editor,</p><p>Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) already causes health problems in more than 50,000,000 people around the world. The effective way to prevention of this emerging coronavirus disease is vaccination.[1] Recently (November 2020), many pharmaceutical manufacturers declared for success in COVID‑19 vaccine developments. There are also reports on efficacy of the vaccine and proposed price of the vaccination. As a new vaccination, the important consideration is on vaccine affordability and accessibility.</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2635http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2635/717718476