International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220717The Reduction of Mortality in Acute Myocardial Infarction: From Bed Rest to Future Directions26492649ENIRCCS Policlinico San Donato, San Donato Milanese, MilanPoliclinico San Marco, Zingonia (BG), MilanStudio Medico Lambrododici, MilanPoliclinico San Marco, Zingonia (BG), Milan20220716Despite the reduction of mortality secondary to cardiovascular diseases observed in the last decades, ischemic heart disease remains the most common cause of death worldwide. Among the spectrum of ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction accounts for most deaths. Since the introduction of the coronary care units in the 1960s, and until the latest antithrombotic drugs, myocardial infarction survival improved by 40–50%. However long-term mortality after myocardial infarction has not improved as short-term mortality. Moreover, the decline of mortality has apparently reached a “plateau” in the past 15 years. In this review we describe the steps of the improvement in ischemic heart disease mortality, from the bed rest to the possible future of treating microcirculation. In fact, coronary artery disease is not only a disease of large vessels that can be visualized with coronary angiography. The small network of pre-arterioles and arterioles that supply the myocardium can be also affected in ischemic heart disease. Thus, despite the introduction of effective recanalization strategies for epicardial coronary arteries such as thrombolysis and, more recently, primary percutaneous intervention, some patients may not achieve effective myocardial reperfusion due to microvascular dysfunction or damage after myocardial myocardial infarction. This phenomenon is named no reflow. We believe that no reflow, through the incomplete reperfusion that can account for a higher rate of adverse event in the follow up, should be regarded as one of the open issues in the modern treatment of myocardial infarction.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2649http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2649/717718480International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220727Influence of COVID‑19 Pandemic on the Psychological Condition and Mental Health of Different Types of Population: A Narrative Review26642664ENDepartment of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20220725One of the most important occupational and environmental pollutants are biological agents such as various types of viruses. Recently the 2019‑nCoV causes lower respiratory tract disease, called novel coronavirus pneumonia that in addition to causes physical disorders, can lead to mental health problems. This study looks at some of the articles that deal with psychological problems caused by the coronavirus pandemic in different groups of people. For this purpose, a review of the published literature was performed in some databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier) and related references were used.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2664http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2664/717718506International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220727Social, Economic, Technological, and Environmental Factors Affecting Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review and Thematic Analysis26712671ENDepartment of Health policy and Management, Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Health Services Management Research Center, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesTabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical SciencesHealth Services Management Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, KermanRoad Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences & Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, TabrizNon-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Health policy and Management, Iranian Center of Excellence in Health Management, School of Management and Medical Informatics, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences & Tabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Health Management and Safety Promotion Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences20220725<strong>Background</strong>: Today, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in both sexes. There are several risk factors for heart diseases; some controllable, others not. However, socioeconomic, technological, and environmental factors can impact CVD as well as exclusive risk factors. Accurate identification and assessment of these factors are often difficult. In the present systematic review, we aimed to explore factors affecting CVD. <strong>Methods</strong>: Multiple databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, and Cochrane) and gray literature were searched. The included studies described at least one determinant of CVD. The framework method was applied to analyze the qualitative data. <strong>Results</strong>: A total of 64 studies from 26 countries were included. The contextual determinants of CVD were categorized into 45 determinants, 15 factors, and 4 main social, economic, technological, and environmental categories. The 15 potentially reversible factors were identified as sociodemographic, violence, smoking, occupation, positive childhood experience, social inequalities, psychological distress, eating habits, neighborhood, family income, rapid technology, environmental pollution, living environments, noise, and disaster. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Devolution and more efficient health policies are required to achieve further sustained reduction in CVD mortality, increase life expectancy, and reduce its associated risk factors. Policymakers should fully address the value of social, economic, technological, and environmental factors. In fact, a prevention agenda should be developed and updated collaboratively in terms of the determinant factors.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2671http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2671/717718512International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220621Measles Elimination Successful and Its Relevant Challenges in Iran26462646ENDepartment of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, QomResearch Center for Air Pollutants, Professor of Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, QomDepartment of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, QomDepartment of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, QomStudent Research Committee, Qom University of Medical Sciences, QomNational Medical Emergency Organization, Ministry of Health & Medical Education, Tehran20220524Measles is an infectious childhood disease with some death annually. The expansion of the coverage of vaccination plan has significantly reduced the mortality rate of this disease. Given that the endemic measles virus is not transmitted in the country and based on Regional Verification Commission (RVC) for Measles and Rubella Elimination has declared that measles and rubella have been eliminated in three countries of Eastern Mediterranean Region including Islamic Republic of Iran, Bahrain, and Oman. Therefore, to continue and preventing from reemerging of measles in Iran, it is essential to maintaining the immunization programs, diagnose, and investigate all suspicious cases and outbreaks. This article investigates the challenges facing to measles after elimination declaration in Iran. However, the elimination of these diseases to be sustainable needs a vigorous case identification protocol and contact follow up.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2646http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2646/717718481International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220717Thyroid Cancer‑Specific Health‑Related Quality of Life Questionnaire: Psychometric Properties of the Persian Version26452645ENEndocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, KermanPhysiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, KermanDepartment of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman20220706<p><strong>Background</strong>: Adverse effects related to treatment negatively affect the quality of life of patients with thyroid cancer. The current study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the thyroid‑cancer‑specific health‑related quality of life (TC‑specific HRQoL) questionnaire among patients with thyroid cancer in Kerman province, Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: This research was a cross‑sectional study conducted on 240 patients with thyroid cancer in Kerman province from 2000 to 2015. The patients were selected through the census method and were asked to complete the thyroid‑cancer‑specific quality of life questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 19.0 and LISREL version 8.80. The reliability of the Persian version was determined by Cronbach’s a coefficient and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was also conducted.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: The Cronbach’s a and ICCs were determined as 0.92 and 0.88, respectively. Five factors were extracted in the exploratory factor analysis with a total of 55.76% explained variance. Acceptable goodness of fit indices were found in CFA.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The Persian version of the TC‑specific HRQoL has sufficient psychometric properties and can be used to assess HRQoL among patients with thyroid cancer.<br /><br /></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2645http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2645/717718482International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220717Effectiveness of Mobile Application for Promotion of Physical Activity Among Newly Diagnosed Patients of Type II Diabetes – A Randomized Controlled Trial26472647ENDepartment of Community Medicine, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Khordha, Bhubaneswar, OdishaDepartment of Community Medicine, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Khordha, Bhubaneswar, OdishaDepartment of Endocrinology, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Khordha, Bhubaneswar, OdishaDepartment of Computer Science, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha ‘O’Anusandhan deemed to be University, Khordha, OdishaDepartment of Community Medicine, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Khordha, Bhubaneswar, OdishaDepartment of Community Medicine, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Khordha, Bhubaneswar, Odisha20220706<strong>Background</strong>: Mobile health intervention shows the positive effects on the management of chronic diseases. Therefore, the study was planned to study the effectiveness of a mobile‑based application promotion of physical activity among newly diagnosed patients with type II diabetes. <strong>Methods</strong>: The present study was a parallel‑design randomized controlled trial conducted over 2 years. The participants were type II diabetes patients between 18 and 60 years within 3 months of diagnosis who attended the endocrinology outpatient department having knowledge of using smart phone. The sample size was calculated to be 66 and 33 for each arm. The block random design method was adopted for allocation into different arms. A pretested interview schedule was used for the collection of data. Outcomes included body mass index, waist circumference, body fat percentage, and changes in the physical activity was obtained by global physical activity questionnaire (GPAQ). The information thus collected were processed and analyzed using SPSS v 20. <strong>Results</strong>: The study included 66 patients aged between 18 and 60 years, out of which 33 were enrolled into control and 33 into intervention group. The mean age of the participants was 42.29 ± 9.5 years ranged from 25 years to 59 years, 65.2% were males and 34.8% were females. It was observed that a higher proportion of intervention participants met WHO recommendations of physical activity level. Total metabolic equivalent of task (MET) value per minute (Mean ± SD) was 1347.27 ± 1028.5 in the control group and 1223.03 ± 584.87 in intervention group at baseline and was not different (P = 0.538). The total MET value per minute was found to be higher among the intervention group in all follow‑ups. There was a significant decrease in weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat percentage, and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the intervention group. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Cost‑effective, simple mobile applications may help in routine clinical practice to encourage the patients for the promotion of physical activity.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2647http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2647/717718483International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220717Effects of 8‑Week Noncontinuous Aerobic Exercise on the Levels of CCL2, CCL5, and their Respective Receptors in Female BALB/C Mice Suffering from Breast Cancer26482648ENDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib Ave., Azadi Sq., IsfahanDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib Ave., Azadi Sq., IsfahanDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, Hezar Jerib Ave., Azadi Sq., IsfahanApplied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20220716<strong>Background</strong>: Recently, the importance of chemokines and their receptors in carcinogenesis and the protective role of aerobic exercise in primary cancer development and progression is highlighted. Based on the facts that endurance exercise may result in hypoxia condition, and in addition, the effect of exercise therapy on the levels of CCL2, CCR2, and their related receptors in breast cancer (BC) model has not been investigated so far, therefore we aimed to evaluate the effect of eight‑week noncontinuous aerobic training on the levels of CCL2, CCL5, and their related receptors; CCR2 and CCR5 in female BALB/C mice with BC. <strong>Methods</strong>: Thirty‑two BALB/C mice (4–5 weeks old) were randomly divided to four 8‑member groups of control and experimental. The experimental group received 8 weeks of noncontinuous aerobic exercises (AEs) while the control group did not receive any exercises during these 8 weeks. After last of experiment, 5 ml of blood was taken from each rat’s lower inferior vein. The plasma levels of CCL2 and CCL5 were measured by ELISA and CCR2 and CCR5 by western blot. Tumor volume also measured in each step. Data were analyzed using the ANOVA test and the SPSS v. 0.24 Software. <strong>Results</strong>: After 8 weeks of participation in noncontinuous AEs, a statistically significant decrease was made between the control and experimental groups in terms of CCL2, CCL5, and CCR2 levels, as well as tumor volume. However, there was no significant difference between groups in terms of CCR5 level. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: It can be concluded that the 8 weeks of noncontinuous AEs did not result in CCR5 reduction while resulting in a statistically significant decrease in CCL2, CCL5, CCR2, and tumor volume.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2648http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2648/717718484International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220717Dietary Patterns in Association with Sleep Duration in Iranian Adults: Results from YaHS-TAMYZ and Shahadieh Cohort Studies26502650ENNutrition and Food Security Research Center & Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, YazdYazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, YazdResearch Center of Prevention and Epidemiology of Non-Communicable Disease, Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, YazdNutrition and Food Security Research Center & Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, YazdSchool of Traditional Iranian Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, KermanNutrition and Food Security Research Center & Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, YazdNutrition and Food Security Research Center & Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd20220716<strong>Background</strong>: Little observational studies have been conducted on the association between diet and sleep. We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate the associations of dietary patterns with sleep duration in an Iranian population. <strong>Methods</strong>: This study was conducted on the baseline data of two population-based Iranian cohorts: the YaHS-TAMYS and Shahedieh studies. Dietary intakes were assessed in 10451 Yazdi people aged 20–75 years. Dietary habits were derived from answers to a food frequency questionnaire, and a factor analysis using principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify dietary patterns. The reported sleep duration was categorized as short (<6 h), normal (6–8 h) or long (>8 h). Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine the relationship between dietary patterns and the odds of short and long sleep duration. <strong>Results</strong>: Four major dietary patterns were identified: “healthy,” “western,” “traditional,” and “high-carbohydrate, high-fat.” In the Shahedieh study, participants in the top quartile of the western dietary pattern had greater odds of short (<6 h) and long (>8 h) sleep duration (OR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.90; P trend <0.001 and OR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.12, 1.90; P trend = 0.014, respectively) than those in the bottom quartile. Also, participants in the highest quartile of the high-carbohydrate, high-fat pattern had higher odds of long sleep duration compared with those in the lowest quartile (OR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.75; P trend = 0.005). Pooling the two studies revealed that the western dietary pattern was significantly associated with short sleep duration (OR = 1.31; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.59). <strong>Conclusions</strong>: The western dietary pattern might inversely be associated with sleep duration. Future prospective studies are recommended to confirm these results.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2650http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2650/717718485International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220717Differential Diagnosis of Seizure and Syncope by the Means of Biochemical Markers in Emergency Department Patients26512651ENDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Emergency Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20220716<strong>Background</strong>: Seizure and syncope have similar clinical symptoms but different etiologies. Hence, differential diagnosis is crucial prior to intervention. This study evaluates the diagnostic importance of neuron specific enolase (NSE), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) for admitting patients with seizure medical history to emergency department (ED) in order for differential diagnosis between syncope and seizure. <strong>Methods</strong>: Patients with a short‑lasting loss of consciousness admitted to the ED were recruited. All patients with a short‑lasting loss of consciousness were eligible and EEG was conducted several times and was taken over a long period. Patients were then divided into two groups of seizure and syncope. The biochemical markers levels of all the eligible patients were measured by a reputable laboratory. <strong>Results</strong>: In order to define specificity and sensitivity of different levels of biomarkers and the optimal cut‑off points, ROC curves for each biomarker of syncope and seizure patients admitted to ED were performed. AUC for NSE, CPK, and LDH were 0.973 ± 0.023, 0.827 ± 0.047, and 0.836 ± 0.043 respectively in 95% confidence level. Cut‑off points for NSE, CPK, and LDH were determined 25.12, 218.09, and 193.88 respectively. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: It was concluded that NSE, CPK and LDH levels were different significantly in seizure patients compared to syncope ones. The seizure group showed an increase in NSE, CPK and LDH level. Determining biomarkers level for differential diagnosis of seizure and syncope can be applied as a supplementary test in addition to tests like EEG.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2651http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2651/717718486International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220717Impact of Cigarettes Smoking on Undergraduates’ Lung Health and Functional Performance: Observational Cross‑Sectional Study26522652ENDepartment of Physical Therapy for Cardiovascular/ Respiratory Disorder and Geriatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo UniversityDepartment of Physical Therapy for Cardiovascular/ Respiratory Disorder and Geriatrics, Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University & Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al‑Qura University20220717<p><strong>Background</strong>: Cigarettes Smoking is a major social and global health problem. Cigarette smoking continues to be a major contributor to deteriorated health status across different age categories. Clarifying the impact of the cigarette smoking on young adults’ lungs health and functional aspects can serve eliminating further deterioration in health status and establishing proper management regimens. This study aimed to investigate the impact of cigarette smoking on lung health (age and functions) and functional performance in the university smoker students. <strong>Methods</strong>: One hundred and Thirty eligible volunteer, current smoker students participated in this study to objectively evaluate their pulmonary functions (including forced vital capacity “FVC”, forced expiratory volume in one second “FEV1”, FEV1/FVC, peak expiratory flow rate “PEFr”), lung age and functional performance (via the 6‑minutes’ walk test “6MWT”) and compare “the observed” with “the predicted normal” mean values. Data were analyzed via SPSS program using the student t‑test. <strong>Results</strong>: There were significant differences (P < 0.05) between the “observed” and the “predicted normal” FVC, FEV1 , FEV1/FVC, PEFr, lung age, and the 6MWT mean values. The “observed” and the “predicted normal” FVC, FEV1 , FEV1/FVC, PEFr, lung age and the 6MWT mean values were [(4.47 ± 0.53, 4.77 ± 0.5 liter), (3.95 ± 0.42, 4.08 ± 0.4 liter), (88.74 ± 7.17, 85.59 ± 4.91%), (550.75 ± 114.96, 572.72 ± 53.02 liter/minute), (32.77 ± 9.44, 21.55 ± 1.37 year), (387.06 ± 56.47, 466.82 ± 18.45 meter)], respectively. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Cigarette smoking negatively impacts the lung age, functions, and functional performance of the university smoker students; the concept that can be used to encourage prevention and early smoking cessation.</p><p> </p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2652http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2652/717718487International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220717Anti‑Inflammatory Effects of a Period of Aerobic Training and Vitamin D Supplementation in Postmenopausal Women with Metabolic Syndrome26532653ENDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Science, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, SunandaDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Science, Sanandaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, SunandaDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, KermanshahDepartment of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Saghez Branch, Islamic Azad University, Saghez20220717<strong>Background</strong>: Inflammatory markers of blood are critical predictors of chronic diseases as well as exacerbating risk factors. Exercise is a well‑known strategy to reduce the risk of inflammation and chronic disease. The present study aimed to investigate the anti‑inflammatory effects of a period of aerobic training and vitamin D supplementation (AT + Vit D) in postmenopausal women with metabolic syndrome. <strong>Methods</strong>: This quasi‑experimental research was performed on forty‑six patients with metabolic syndrome who were selected according to the available sampling method, and were randomly divided into four groups: AT + Vit D (50,000 IU), AT, Vit D (50,000 IU), and control (C). The training protocol consisted of 40–60 min of AT 60–75% of maximal heart rate, three times a week, for 8 weeks. One‑way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t‑test were used to compare the between and within groups; the Bonferroni post hoc test was used if significant differences were found. <strong>Results</strong>: The combination of exercise and vitamin D significantly reduced C‑reactive protein (CRP) (P = 0.001), interleukin‑6 (IL‑6) (P = 0.001), and improved the metabolic syndrome indices (P = 0.001 in all indices). The results also show that the improvement in the metabolic syndrome indices, CRP, and IL‑6 was more significant in AT + Vit D, compared to AT or Vit D alone. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: The findings from the present study suggested that a sedentary lifestyle and vitamin D deficiency accelerated the occurrence of metabolic syndrome probably by increasing the anti‑inflammatory. Additionally, adequate levels of plasma vitamin D are necessary to achieve the beneficial metabolic effects of AT.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2653http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2653/717718488International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220717The Cutoff of Gonadotropins for Close Evaluation of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Turner Syndrome26542654ENDepartment of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, RashtDepartment of Internal Medicine, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, RashtDepartment of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, RashtDepartment of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, RashtDepartment of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, RashtDepartment of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, RashtDepartment of Pediatrics, Pediatric Diseases Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht20220717<strong>Background</strong>: Turner syndrome is a common genetic disorder in females. It is a disorder characterized by variable number of clinical features, so it needs a multidisciplinary approach for care. Therefore, we aimed to define the cutoff of gonadotropins for close evaluation of cardiometabolic risk factors in Turner syndrome. <strong>Methods</strong>: This is a case‑control study on 31 patients with Turner syndrome and 31 healthy individuals. Clinical examination including blood pressure measurement and systems evaluation was performed. Laboratory testing, which included 12‑h fasting, assessed lipid profile, glucose, and serum gonadotropin. <strong>Results</strong>: Turner syndrome had a higher BMI, systolic, and diastolic blood pressure than the normal group (P < 0.001) Patients with Turner syndrome had significantly higher total cholesterol, low‑density lipoprotein, triglyceride, and TG‑to‑high‑density lipoprotein ratio compared to the healthy individuals (P < 0.05). With increasing LH and FSH, BMI values, systolic blood pressure, and total cholesterol increased significantly (P < 0.001). Serum TG levels in Turner syndrome were only positively correlated with LH and not correlated with FSH. The cutoff point of LH and FSH for triglyceride in upper 75 percentile were 31 (sensitivity = 38.1%, specificity = 80%) and 48 (sensitivity = 61.9%, specificity = 70%), respectively. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Based on dyslipidemia and lower level of ejection fraction, considering cardiometabolic risk factors in lower age groups in Turner syndrome can be recommended.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2654http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2654/717718489International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220717Effect of Selenium on Triglyceride and Total Cholesterol, Weight Gain, and Physical Activity on Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Double‑Blinded Controlled Trial26562656ENDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, IsfahanDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, IsfahanDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, IsfahanDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan20220717<strong>Background</strong>: End‑stage renal disease is one of the most important chronic diseases. Selenium is one of the so‑called rare elements which are essential for our body functions. Here, we aimed to investigate and the effects of selenium supplement therapy on weight gain, physical activity, and triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol in patients under hemodialysis. <strong>Methods</strong>: The current study is a double‑blinded clinical trial performed on patients with ESRD under hemodialysis in 2019. In the beginning, serum selenium levels were assessed. All patients were randomly divided into two groups. The first group was under treatments with tablets of selenium 400 µg. Patients received selenium tablets three times after each hemodialysis session (3 times a week) and the other group received placebo tablets. 3 months after the beginning of the study, blood selenium levels, TG and total cholesterol, and weight and physical activities of patients were evaluated again and compared with the beginning. <strong>Results</strong>: A total of 78 patients were included. Serum selenium levels at the beginning of our study were 40.06 ± 8.50 in the intervention group and 45.00 ± 8.16 in control groups. Selenium levels and physical activities of patients were increased significantly in intervention group compared to baseline (P < 0.001 for both). Weight, physical activity, total cholesterol, and TG in both intervention and control groups did not change significantly after interventions (P > 0.05). <strong>Conclusions</strong>: We showed that selenium supplement therapies have beneficial effects in patients under hemodialysis. Furthermore, we showed that selenium supplement therapies have positive effects on serum selenium levels but no effects on total cholesterol and TG.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2656http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2656/717718490International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220717Healthy Dietary Pattern Reduces Risk of Gallstones: Results of a Case‑Control Study in Iran26592659ENGastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranGastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranGastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesGastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Community Nutrition, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesDepartment of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanGastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranGastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20220717<strong>Background</strong>: Nutrition‑related factors have been of great interest as one of risk factors of biliary stones. This study evaluated the association of dietary patterns with biliary stone among Iranians. <strong>Methods</strong>: This is a hospital‑based case‑control study, which was conducted in a general hospital in Tehran, Iran. A total of 110 patients with gallstone or common bile duct (CBD) stone confirmed by Ultrasonography within the last 6 months before collecting data were recruited. Controls were age‑matched patients admitted to the other wards of the same hospital for a broad spectrum of disorders including traumas and orthopedic conditions, or elective surgeries, or throat/ear/nose disease and had no gallbladder disorders, participated in this study. We used a valid and reliable food frequency questionnaire to assess dietary intakes of participants. Dietary patterns were determined by factor analysis. <strong>Results</strong>: By design, age was similar in both groups (57.66 ± 16.39 years vs. 56.00 ± 10.64 years in cases and controls, respectively). Two dietary patterns were extracted; “Unhealthy” (high consumption of artificial juice, processed meats, refined grains, sweets and desserts, pickles, snacks, and red meats), and “Healthy” (high consumption of vegetable oils, vegetables, fruits, fish, legumes, and nuts, as well as low consumption of hydrogenated fats and salt). Participants in the highest tertile of “Healthy” dietary pattern were significantly less likely to have the gallstones disease (OR: 0.33, 95% CI = 0.120.89) compared to the reference group (low tertile of “Healthy” dietary pattern) (P = 0.02). <strong>Conclusions</strong>: High consumption of vegetable oils, vegetables, fruits, fish, legumes, and nuts, as well as low consumption of hydrogenated fats and salt in context of healthy dietary pattern are inversely associated with risk of gallstones.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2659http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2659/717718491International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220717Purification of Ambient Air by Novel Green Plant with Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles26602660ENDepartment of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, DammamDepartment of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam20220717<strong>Background</strong>: Indoor air pollution is an important environmental health problem. Nanotechnology is one of the most important methods to reduce the indoor air pollution. Titanium dioxide (TiO2 ) is generally accepted as one of the most effective photoinduced catalysts. It is frequently used to oxidize organic and inorganic compounds in the air due to its strong oxidative ability and long‑term photostability. The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of nanotechnology in the purification of ambient air by using Saudi myrtle plants treated with TiO2 . <strong>Methods</strong>: Experiments were conducted in two academic departments of the laboratories at the Public Sector University. Concentration of formaldehyde, nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ), sulphur dioxide (SO2 ) and other toxic gases was measured in the environment of the laboratories. Myrtus plant was growing in the growth media which contained TiO2 . After 8 hours of exposure of the plant, concentration of NO2 , SO2 and other toxic pollutant gases in the air was measured. The total duration of the experiment was 4 days. <strong>Results</strong>: It was found that the levels of formaldehyde, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other pollutants were significantly reduced the concentration from 10% to 98% in the air. After intervention, air containing the concentration of formaldehyde, TVOCs, NO2 SO2 and carbon monoxide (CO) on the fourth day reduced from 0.251, 401, 0.032, 0.009 and 0.99 to 0.014, 54,0.0003, 0.003 and 0.01 after exposure of Myrtus plant to ambient air. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Significant reduction of air pollutants in the air after application of TiO2 in the green plant (Myrtus communis). It is a novel approach and economically feasible for purification of indoor air.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2660http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2660/717718492International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220717Association of Maternal Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus with Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Saudi Mothers in Jubail, Saudi Arabia26612661ENDepartment of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imamm Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal university, DammamDepartment of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imamm Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal university, DammamDepartment of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imamm Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal university, DammamDepartment of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdul Rahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam20220717<strong>Background</strong>: Obesity and diabetes are common public health issues in Saudi Arabia. The aim of this study is to evaluate the association of maternal obesity and diabetes with exclusive breastfeeding among Saudi Mothers at the Royal Commission Service Primary Health Care Centers in Jubail City, Saudi Arabia. <strong>Methods</strong>: It is a cross‑sectional study and 360 mothers were selected from primary health center through a simple random sampling. A validated and structured questionnaire was used. Body mass index was used for calculation of obesity and fasting blood sugar to find out the diabetic status. Chi‑square test was used to assessing the difference between obese and nonobese and diabetic and nondiabetic group with respect to exclusive breastfeeding. Logistic regression was used to determine the association of obesity and diabetes with exclusive breastfeeding. <strong>Results</strong>: Obesity and diabetic prevalence among study participants were 81.9% and 65.5%, respectively. Exclusive breastfeeding prevalence among total study participants was 36.9%. Among obese, it was 28.8% and diabetes, it was 29.1% and this difference is statistically significant when compared to nonobese and nondiabetic group (P‑value 0.04). The obese [OR1.30 (1.12–4.85) with P value 0.02] and diabetic [OR 1.56 (1.35–3.9) with P value 0.00] mothers were more than one time more likely associated with nonexclusive breastfeeding. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: The study concludes that the rate of exclusive breastfeeding decreased among obese and diabetic mothers and the positive association of obese and diabetes with nonexclusive breastfeeding. Intervention is required to reduce the prevalence of obesity and diabetic among breastfeeding mothers.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2661http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2661/717718493International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220717Assessment of Satisfaction with Drug Provision of Antihypertensive Drugs at the Outpatient Level of Privileged Categories of Residens26622662ENKazakh National Medical University named after S.D. AsfendiyarovAl-Farabi Kazakh National UnivercityKazakh National Medical University named after S.D. AsfendiyarovKazakh National Medical University named after S.D. AsfendiyarovKazakh National Medical University named after S.D. AsfendiyarovMunicipal Clinical Hospital №1, AlmatySouth Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Shymkent,20220717<strong>Background</strong>: The existing system of outpatient drug provision of citizens allows providing certain categories of citizens and patients with certain types of diseases on a free basis. The purpose of the study is to analysis and evaluate the system of providing preferential categories of citizens with antihypertensive drugs at the level of primary health care. Materials and <strong>Methods</strong>: To determine the level of satisfaction of citizens with drug provision at the outpatient level, 3118 respondents were interviewed using a questionnaire for persons who received free medicines for the treatment of hypertension. The questionnaire consisted of 20 questions. They were distributed by sex and age criterion. The ratio of male and female respondents was 51.7% and 48.7%, respectively. <strong>Results</strong>: Thus, the results of a sociological study to study the opinions of the population about the existing system of free outpatient care revealed some organizational and managerial problems. Although that patients with hypertension since 2012 receive drugs for free, 37% noted that they bought at full cost in pharmacies, which should be released free of charge for privileged categories of citizens. Also, 77% of respondents claimed that they were not invited to outpatient organizations to receive drugs. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: In solving the problems of improving the organization and management, it is necessary to take into account regional peculiarities, which allow, based on the use of a set of methods of analysis and forecasting, to assess the state and trends of development, to identify its strengths and weaknesses, to assess the factors of the external and internal environment.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2662http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2662/717718494International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220725Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine Among Patients on Long Term Treatment in a Tertiary Health Institution in Jos Nigeria26392639ENDepartment of Community Medicine, University of Jos, Jos Plateau State & Department of Community Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos Plateau StateDepartment of Community Medicine, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi, Bauchi StateCollege of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos Plateau StateCollege of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos Plateau StateCollege of Health Sciences, University of Jos, Jos Plateau StateGinza Medical Centre, Jos Plateau StateGinza Medical Centre, Jos Plateau StateDepartment of Community Medicine, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos Plateau StateDepartment of Pediatrics, University of Jos, Jos Plateau State & Department of Pediatrics, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos Plateau State,20220509<p><strong>Background</strong>: The use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) is on the increase globally and found to be more pronounced among those with chronic illnesses even in the face of insufficient scientific evidence to support its efficacy. Hence, this study was conducted to assess the level of use of CAM and its predictors among patients on long term care in tertiary health institution.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: This was a cross‑sectional study conducted among 176 patients accessing treatment for chronic medical conditions in Jos University Teaching Hospital using quantitative method of data collection. Epi Info statistical software version 7 was used for data analysis and a value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: The median age of respondents was 50 (IQR 30–84) years with 83 (47.2%) being 51 years and above. Utilization of CAM was reported among 72 (40.9%) with herbal preparation ranking highest among 56 (77.8%) the respondents. Absence of side effects (AOR = 2.23; 95% CI = 1.6918–3.2135) and consistency with culture (AOR = 4.46; 95% CI = 1.4695–6.1851) were identified predictors of CAM use.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: This study has demonstrated a relatively high level of CAM use with perceived absence of side effects, peer influence, and consistency with culture predicting its use.</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2639http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2639/717718499International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220725Pretravelling Health-Seeking Behavior, Knowledge of Vaccines, and Attitudes Toward Travel Health among Malaysian Travelers26432643ENDepartment of Community and Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota KinabaluDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota KinabaluDepartment of Biomedical Sciences and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu,Department of Professional Nursing Studies, Kulliyyah (Faculty) of Nursing, International Islamic University Malaysia, KuantanDepartment of Medical-Surgical Nursing, Kulliyyah (Faculty) of Nursing, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan20220509<p><strong>Background</strong>: Travelers are at higher risk of developing health‑related problems, especially travel‑related diseases, and this remains a major public health burden. Aims: To assess pretravel health behavior‑seeking factors, knowledge of vaccine, and travel health attitudes. A cross‑sectional design among Malaysian travelers.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: An online survey was conducted from December 2017 till March 2018 among 226 participants. Demographic data, pretraveling health behaviors, knowledge of vaccine‑preventable diseases, and travel health were asked. Independent t‑test and ANOVA were performed using SPSS version 20.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: Among travelers, 51.3% and 63.7% used health‑related information on their destination before departure and collected information on possible travel hazards at their destination. Participant age (P = 0.02), monthly income (P = 0.01), predeparture health information (P = 0.03), information on possible hazards (P = 0.04), and travel health advice from medical professionals (P = 0.03) have been reported as a major predictor of knowledge of vaccine‑preventable disease. Travelers’ gender (P = 0.01), household income (P = 0.01), and travel health advice from professionals (P = 0.002) were significantly associated with travel health attitude.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Sociodemographic and pretravel health‑seeking behavior influence knowledge of vaccine‑preventable disease and attitudes towards travel health which requires a public health need for community outreach programs targeting this group.</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2643http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2643/717718503International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220725Interaction of Cry1 Gene Polymorphisms and Dominant Food Patterns on Obesity: A Cross‑Sectional Study26442644ENDepartments of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran & Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, BushehrStudent Research Committee, PhD Candidate in Nutrition Sciences, Department and Faculty of Clinical Nutrition Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), TehranCellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, School of Advanced, Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartments of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran20220509<p><strong>Background</strong>: Evidence suggests that there is some relationship between circadian clock gene variants and obesity. However, there are few examinations supporting this observation in human subjects. This study was aimed to investigate the interaction between Cry1 circadian gene polymorphism and major dietary patterns on obesity measurements.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: Healthy overweight and obese women aged 18–53 years old were recruited from health centers in Tehran, Iran by a multistage cluster random sampling method (n = 377). Major dietary patterns were elicited after assessing the intake of 16 food groups using a valid and reliable 147‑item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Anthropometric measurements were performed for each and every participant. Body composition was analyzed using bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Socio‑demographic and physical activity data were also collected by a validated Farsi demographic questionnaire and the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ). The Cry1 rs2287161 polymorphism were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction‑restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‑RFLP). Generalized linear models were used for interaction analysis.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: Two major dietary patterns, including healthy and unhealthy dietary pattern (HDP and UDP, respectively) were determined using factor analysis. Our study showed a significant higher weight (P = 0.003), body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.042), hip circumference (P = 0.052), and body fat mass (P = 0.028) in carriers of C allele compared with G allele. Moreover, a significant gene‑diet interaction was observed between being a carrier of C allele and BMI (P = 0.099 for CC genotype; P = 0.1 for CG genotype) and fat mass (P = 0.1 for CG genotype).</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: The current study suggests a significant interaction of Cry1 rs2287161 gene polymorphisms in people following a healthy dietary pattern on BMI and fat mass among carriers of C allele compared to carriers of G allele.</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2644http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2644/717718504International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220727The Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in First Degree Relatives of Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Case–Control Study26692669ENDepartment of Internal Medicine, Bamdad Respiratory and Sleep Research Center, Pulmonary Unit, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Internal Medicine, Respiratory and Sleep Research Center, Pulmonary Unit, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Community and Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20220725<strong>Background</strong>: There was the association between the metabolic syndrome (MS) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Also, the genetic factors have been implicated in the OSA. Our aim was to compare the frequency of MS in first‑degree relatives (FDRs) of OSA patients with healthy controls. <strong>Methods:</strong> 39 FDR (parents, siblings, and children) of patients diagnosed with OSA at Bamdad Respiratory and Research Center as cases and age‑ and sex‑matched healthy controls were included in the current case–control pilot study. The sampling method was convenience sampling based on having inclusion criteria and consent to participate in the study. Demographic characteristics and essential criteria for diagnosing MS included blood pressure, anthropometric [weight (kg), height (cm), waist circumference (cm) and body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2 )], and biochemical indices (lipid profile and blood glucose) were assessed based on standard protocols. <strong>Results</strong>: In the comparison of the demographic and clinical characteristics of two39 cases and control groups, weight and diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher in case group than controls (P < 0.05). Case and control groups were not significantly different in the frequency of MS (P > 0.05). Although, the frequency of hypertension as an important cardiovascular risk factor was higher in cases than controls (P < 0.05). <strong>Conclusions</strong>: The present study demonstrates that the frequency of MS is not significantly different between FDRs of OSA patients and controls. However, further large‑scale studies are warranted to detect the frequency of MS in people with hereditary background for OSA compared to general population.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2669http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2669/717718510International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220727Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water and Hygienic Assessment of Water Cooler Dispensers in Higher Education Institution26702670ENDepartment of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si ThammaratDepartment of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si ThammaratDepartment of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si ThammaratDepartment of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si ThammaratDepartment of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si ThammaratDepartment of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat20220725<strong>Background</strong>: The bacteriological quality of drinking water has become a public health concern according to its association with water‑borne diseases. Nowadays, there are several different types of drinking water, including water cooler dispensers (WCDs), which are becoming a popular device in educational institutions. Therefore, this study aims to determine the bacteriological quality of drinking water from WCDs, and inspect their hygienic conditions in students’ dormitories at a university in Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand. <strong>Methods</strong>: Water samples from 53 WCDs installed in 13 dormitories were collected and analyzed coliform bacteria by using the multiple‑tube fermentation technique. The hygienic inspection form from the Department of Health, Ministry of Public Health, was used for inspection of the sanitary conditions. The hygienic factors of water cooler sanitation were analyzed using the generalized linear model. <strong>Results</strong>: Coliform bacteria were found in 10 out of 53 samples; moreover, Escherichia coli was recovered in three samples. Maintenance/cleaning and monitoring were the most two sanitary issues found in 100% (53/53) of the WCDs. Location and features of machine were found the correlation with the prevalence of coliform bacteria in drinking water. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: The findings of this study suggest regular monitoring of water quality in educational institutions. Also, the Sanitary Standard and Operational Procedures (S.S.O.P.) should be developed to improve the hygienic conditions of the water cooler dispensers.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2670http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2670/717718511International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220727The Effect of Water‑Pipe and Cigarette Smoking on Exhaled Nitric Oxide26722672ENIndustrial Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, YazdDepartment of Occupational Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, YazdIndustrial Diseases Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, YazdDepartment of Occupational Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, YazdDepartment of Community Medicine, Monitoring of Health Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, YazdDepartment of Occupational Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, YazdYazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd20220725<strong>Context</strong>: Fractional exhaled nitric oxide can be used as a biomarker of some respiratory diseases. Aims: This study was conducted to compare exhaled nitric oxide in cigarette and water‑pipe smokers with nonsmokers. <strong>Methods</strong>: This cross‑sectional study was conducted on 549 adult subjects as a sub‑study of Shahedieh cohort in Yazd. Participants were divided into 5 groups according to their smoking habits: non‑smokers (n = 202), cigarette smokers (n = 121), water‑pipe smokers (n = 129), cigarette ex‑smokers (n = 58), water‑pipe and cigarette smokers (n = 39). The smokers were also categorized into heavy and light smokers. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide was compared between the groups. <strong>Statistical Analysis Used</strong>: The data were analyzed by SPSS (ver. 20) using Kolmogorov‑Smirnov, Kruskal‑Wallis, and Mann‑Whitney U tests. <strong>Results</strong>: Fractional exhaled NO was lower in all smokers than nonsmokers, but cigarette smokers showed the least level of NO than other groups. Fractional exhaled NO was not significantly lower in water‑pipe smokers than nonsmokers. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Cigarette smoking significantly affect fractional exhaled NO, but water‑pipe smoking did not significantly affect exhaled NO level.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2672http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2672/717718513International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220727Fracture Risk Factor in Post‑Menopausal Women with Deterioration of Bone Density26732673ENDepartments of Basic Medical Science for Nursing,Medical‑Surgical Nursing, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan Campus, PahangCritical Care Nursing, Kulliyyah of Nursing, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Kuantan Campus, PahangDepartment of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin (UniSZA), Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu20220725<strong>Background</strong>: Most of the aged women experience the deterioration of bone due to the gradual decrease in bone mineral density (BMD). According to different studies, a continuous progressive decline in bone density results in risks of fractures. <strong>Aims</strong>: The study aimed to identify the fracture risk factors among post‑menopausal women with the deterioration of bone density. <strong>Settings and Design:</strong> Cross‑sectional study design was used, and was conducted clinic at Hospital Tengku Ampuan Afzan (HTAA) Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia. <strong>Methods</strong>: In total, 116 post‑menopausal women were selected as a sample from a public hospital in Malaysia. An assessment checklist on fracture risks; including age, menopause year, BMD, serum calcium level, balance and gait score, body mass index (BMI) was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation were used to analyze data. <strong>Results</strong>: Findings showed that 87.1% participants confidently performed daily activities. Normal TUG score was revealed for 76.7%, and Fall Free Prevention Questionnaire (FFPQ) findings show that no risk of falling prevailed. Pearson correlation showed negative weak correlation between BMD with the age of respondents, year of menopause and TUG (r = –.373), (r = –. 284) and (r = –.237). Moderate correlation was found between BMD in BMI status (r = .343) and weak correlation was found between BMD and ABC scale (r = .200). <strong>Conclusions</strong>: The study emphasized on instigation of the intervention to improve population literacy related to menopause and bone density deficiencyhttp://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2673http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2673/717718514International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220727The Relationship between Screening Markers in the First Trimester of Pregnancy and Chromosome Aberrations26742674ENDepartment of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, TehranDepartment of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, TehranDepartment of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non‑Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20220725<strong>Background</strong>: This study was designed and performed to investigate the relationship between fetal chromosome aberrations and screening markers in the first trimester of pregnancy in order to prevent the birth of infants with chromosome aberrations with early prenatal diagnosis. <strong>Methods</strong>: We conducted an analytic cross‑sectional study on result of chromosomal culture of 762 pregnant women with high‑risk combined screening test from December 2018 to June 2020 and analyzed by SPSS program. <strong>Results</strong>: There was a significant relationship between chromosome structural abnormalities with free beta‑human chorionic gonadotropin (free β‑hCG) values equal to and higher than 1.5 multiples of the median (MoM) (P: 0.05). The highest incidence of disorder in number of chromosomes with abnormal nuchal translucency (NT) percentiles (≥99%) was seen (P < 0.001). It also shows that the cumulative number of chromosome aberrations of 25 (78.12%) occurred in individuals with a NT less than 99th percentile and at the same time a risk of 1/50≤ risk <1/10. Discussion: According to the results, Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) array method is recommended to detect structural abnormalities in chromosomes in samples with NT ≥3.5. In addition, it is noteworthy that chromosomal structural abnormalities occur in free β‑hCG ≥1.5 MoM. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: Due to the frequency of chromosomal structural disorders and its effect on the incidence of fetal abnormalities, the study of chromosomal structural disorders is recommended.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2674http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2674/717718515International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220717Hepato‑Protection Effect of Curcumin Against Methylphenidate‑Induced Hepatotoxicity: Histological and Biochemical Evidences26582658ENRazi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranChronic Respiratory Disease Research Center(CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranHerbal and traditional medicines research center, Kerman university of medical sciences, KermanSchool of PharmacyInternational Campus, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranRazi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranRazi Drug Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranRazi Drug Research Center & Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20220717<strong>Background</strong>: As a psychostimulant agent, methylphenidate (MPH) abuse can cause serious liver damage. Studies have documented the hepatoprotective impacts of curcumin on liver damage. According to this definition, the purpose of this study is to explain the hapatoprotective effects of curcumin against the hepatotoxicity induced by MPH. <strong>Methods</strong>: Seventy rats were equally divided into seven groups (10 rats per group). Groups 1 and 2 received normal saline (0.7 mL/rat) and MPH (10 mg/kg), respectively for 21 days. Groups 3, 4, 5, and 6 concurrently received MPH (10 mg/ kg) and curcumin (10, 20, 40, and 60 mg/kg, respectively) for 21 days. Group 7 was treated with curcumin (60 mg/kg) alone for 21 days. The hepatic function test key enzymes such as AST, ALP, and histology of liver tissue (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels was studied in the blood samples, and also, the histopathological changes and cell density changes were evaluated in the liver tissue. <strong>Results</strong>: The latest studies have shown that the administration of MPH induces rises in the AST, ALT, and ALP levels and induces degeneration changes in histopathology, whereas curcumin administration at doses of 40 and 60 mg/kg reduced the elevation of MPH‑induced hepatic enzyme and inhibited histopathological degeneration in the MPH‑treated classes. Curcumin alone (60 mg/kg) did not alter the biochemical and histological parameters. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Curcumin can function as a hepatoprotective agent against MPH‑induced hepatotoxicity.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2658http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2658/717718495International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220727COVID‑19 Countermeasures: An Algorithm to Stay Unlocked26662666ENPulvertaft Hand Centre, Royal Derby Hospital, DerbyDepartment of Anaesthesia, Royal Orthopaedic Hospital, BirminghamSt Andrews Centre for Burns & Plastic Surgery, Broomfield Hospital, ChelmsfordDepartment of Plastic Surgery, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital, Exeter20220725We describe a visual algorithm to help prevent severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) contagion as well as manage COVID‑19 disease according to categories of clinical severity. The algorithm is timely, with multiple countries worldwide declaring repeat surges in SARS‑CoV‑2 infections following the easing of lockdown measures. Its flowchart assimilates key effective interventions in a visual manner that will assist healthcare workers to manage COVID-19 disease algorithmically, and policymakers to suppress further SARS‑CoV‑2 waves. Importantly, we include the innovative use of topical p‑menthane‑3,8‑diol spray by the British Army for COVID-19 Support Force personnel, which in light of its coronavirucidal properties, deserves wider dissemination. This algorithm has the potential to be updated as numerous studies are concluded globallyhttp://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2666http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2666/717718507International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220717Self‑Medication in Peru During the COVID‑19 Pandemic: How Harmless It Could Be?26552655ENSociedad Científica de Estudiantes de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, Trujillo & Grupo Peruano de Investigación Epidemiológica, Unidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Universidad San IgnacioUniversidad Privada Antenor Orrego, TrujilloUniversidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, LambayequeUniversidad Científica del Sur, LimaUnidad de Investigación para la Generación y Síntesis de Evidencias en Salud, Vicerrectorado de Investigación, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima20220717Dear Editor, Self‑medication is a public health problem; this practice has been increasing during the current context of the COVID‑19 pandemic.[1] This practice may be responsible if the over‑the‑counter medication used is safe and does not cause major adverse effects. However, the most frequent practice in Peru is irresponsible self‑medication, which is characterized by the use of medications that require a medical prescription, due to the complexity of their use.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2655http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2655/717718496International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220717Exploring the Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Perception and Barriers Faced among Working Women26572657ENDepartment of Community Medicine, ShriSathyaSai Medical College and Research Institute (SSSMC and RI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (SBV)‑Deemed to be University, Tiruporur‑Guduvancherry, Main Road, Ammapettai, Nellikuppam, Chengalpet Taluk, Kancheepuram DistricDepartment of Community Medicine, Trichy SRM Medical College & Research Institute, SRM Nagar, Trichy Chennai Highway. Trichy20220717Sir, The United Nation Women has announced its theme for World International Women’s Day as “Think equal, build smart, innovate for change” reemphasizing its earlier 2017 theme “Women in the Changing World of Work: Planet 50‑50 by 2030” all emphasizing towards the gender equality and empowerment of women by advancing equal job opportunities for women.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2657http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2657/717718497International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220717Pregnancy and Corona Virus Disease 2019: Public Health Perspective26632663ENMember of the Medical Education Unit and Institute Research Council, Department of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth – Deemed to be University, Ammapettai, Nellikuppam, Chengalpet District, Tamil NaduDepartment of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth – Deemed to be University, Ammapettai, Nellikuppam, Chengalpet District, Tamil Nadu20220717Dear Editor, The coronavirus disease‑2019 (COVID‑19) owing to its novel nature, rapid global spread, and in the absence of any preventive or curative option has been declared as a pandemic. As of 8 June 2020, 6931000 cases and 400857 deaths have been reported across 216 nations and territories wherein the disease has been reported.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2663http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2663/717718498International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220725COVID‑19 and Air purifiers Use26402640ENPrivate Academic Practice, BangkokDepartment of Community Medicine, Dr DY Patil University, Pune20220509Dear Editor, I would like to share ideas on air purifiers use for COVID‑19 prevention. The air purifer is a widely used tool by many people aiming at prevention during COVID‑19 outbreak. Basically, air purifiers have an internal fans for pulling the air in through a series of filters. Filtration occurs at the filters and the airborne particles like dust, pollen, and pathogen are trapped.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2640http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2640/717718500International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220725Perinatal Death Auditing is Necessary to Identify Preventable Perinatal Deaths26412641ENDepartment of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher
Education, Deemed to be University, Mangalore, KarnatakaDepartment of Pediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher
Education, Deemed to be University, Mangalore, KarnatakaDepartment of Obstetrics and Gyneacolog, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Deemed to be University, Mangalore, KarnatakaDepartment of Pediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher
Education, Deemed to be University, Mangalore, KarnatakaDepartment of Pediatrics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher
Education, Deemed to be University, Mangalore, Karnataka20220509Perinatal Mortality rate (PMR) of India remains stable at 26 per 1000 births (for the year 2013) mainly because of slower reduction in early neonatal deaths. Problems with infrastructure and quality of care for the newborn in India have been reported.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2641http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2641/717718501International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220725The Need to Use Mortality, and Not Case‑Fatality, to Compare COVID‑19 Deaths Worldwide26422642ENUniversity Federal de Goiás, Medicine Faculty & Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology, and Health Care, University College LondonUniversity Federal de Goiás, Medicine Faculty & Instituto Federal GoianoFederal University of PelotasDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology, and Health Care, University College London20220509Dear Editor, COVID‑19, the disease caused by the SARS‑CoV‑2 virus spread fast globally, with the number of confirmed cases exceeding 8 million. In a short period of time, scientists are working around the clock trying to understand the various aspects of COVID‑19.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2642http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2642/717718502International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220727Understanding the Association between Smoking and Corona Virus Disease 201926652665ENMedical Education Unit Coordinator and Member of the Institute Research Council, Department of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth – Deemed to be UniversityDepartment of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth – Deemed to be University, Ammapettai, Nellikuppam, Chengalpet District, Tamil Nadu20220725Dear Editor, The Corona Virus Disease‑2019 (COVID‑19) pandemic has resulted in alarming health outcomes across the world and there is an immense need to take measures to contain the spread of the infection. As of 25 July 2020, 15581009 cases and 635173 deaths have been reported in 216 affected nations and territories and the global case fatality rate stands at 4.1%.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2665http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2665/717718505International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220727Mitigating COVID‑19 in the Homeless Population26672667ENDepartment of Theology and Religious Education, De La Salle University, 2401 Taft Avenue, Malate, Manila20220725Dear Editor, The recent article of Osores and Camacho posed that behavioral science can help fight COVID‑19.While it is true that behavior science is a powerful agent to address the pandemic, I would like to add the important role of religious organizations in influencing large‑scale behavior change to further mitigate the disease and protect humanity, especially the vulnerable and homeless population.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2667http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2667/717718508International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213420220727SARS‑CoV‑2 Testing in India: Please Mind the Gaps26682668ENCentre for Health Policy, Planning and Management, School of Health Systems Studies, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai, Maharashtra20220725This letter shares insights into the pandemic data situation in India based on a longitudinal study of SARS‑CoV‑2 testing rates and policy. In the initial phase of the pandemic (which included a 68‑day national lockdown period), the testing policy was entirely based on reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) (gold standard). However, during the unlock phase, on June 23, 2020, a rapid antigen test (RAT) with a moderate field sensitivity (50%–60%) was approved for testing. The lockdown period curtailed all non‑essential movement of people, whereas subsequent unlock phases allowed movement based on the local situation. However, the virus had already spread before the lockdown started[1] and hence fast, effective testing was critical for the test‑isolate‑track/ treat strategy for infection prevention. Analysis of the testing speed over 1 year shows a 287 times increase in testing rate in the initial 90 days after lockdown was initiated, followed by a steep and steady decline over time after the introduction of RAT in the unlock phasehttp://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2668http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2668/717718509