International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213720220814COVID‑19: National Pandemic Management Strategies and their Efficacies and Impacts on the Number of Secondary Cases and Prognosis: A Systematic Review26882688ENDepartment of Public Health, School of Public Health and Safety and Occupational Hazards Control Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranStudent Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDrexel University College of Medicine, PennsylvaniaStudent Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranStudent Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranStudent Research Committee, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University Tehran Medical Branch, TehranStudent Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranSports Medicine Research Center, Neurosciences Institute & School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical, TehranStudent Research Committee, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranBrown University, Rhode Island20220814<strong>Background</strong>: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‑CoV‑2) is the pathogen responsible for an acute respiratory disease designated COIVD‑19, which has spread throughout the world. Despite all the struggles with this virus, still, the majority of societies are affected by COVID‑19, which raises many questions such as are these ways of management enough, which is crucial in order to contain the virus spread, and which is not effective. In this systemic review, we tried to summarize the data on different ways of managing COVID‑19 outbreaks. Through understanding the efficacy and downsides of different approaches to manage COVID‑19, public health officials, governing bodies, and health care administrators may be better equipped with the tools necessary to best manage COVID‑19 and pandemics. <strong>Methods</strong>: This systematic review was carried out by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‑Analyses (PRISMA) protocol. Articles were selected using several databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, all peer‑reviewed and published articles from December 1, 2019 to April 23, 2020 that met the inclusion criteria were selected. <strong>Results</strong>: The majority of the included articles were mathematical modeling, cohort studies (n = 9), cross‑sectional (n = 6), and one case series. Most articles originated from China and then Singapore. The measures that have been practiced in these articles consisted of close contact tracing and case isolation, quarantine, strict surveillance, lockdown, and travel surveillance. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: The most effective approach is at least the combination of case detection and isolation, and contact tracing or containment measures. In the literature, travel controls seem to be ineffective, personal hygiene should be tough and emphasized.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2688http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2688/717718529International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213720220814Development and Psychometric Properties of the Mental Health Literacy Questionnaire (MHLQ) Among Young Iranian Soldiers26892689ENBehavioral Sciences Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, TehranMedicine, Quran and Hadith Research Center, Faculty of Nursing, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, TehranHealth Research Center, Life Style Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Health Education and Health Promotion, Islamic Azad University, Science & Research Branch, Tehran20220814<strong>Background</strong>: Prevention of the incidences of mental disorders, psychological problems, or their rapid diagnosis is an important issue that has led to the creation of a mental health literacy concept and the development of standard tools for evaluating them. This study is the first step in the designing and psychometrics of the Mental Health Literacy Questionnaire (MHLQ) in Iran. The purpose of this study was to design the psychometric properties of the MHLQ in soldiers. <strong>Methods</strong>: This study is a methodological study that was designed in three phases: 1) Designing the instrument, 2) Assessing the items, and 3) Psychometric assessment. This study was conducted during 2017‑2018, and the soldiers were selected by using a convenience sampling method from different garrisons of Tehran, Iran. To evaluate the content validity of the questionnaire 10 experts, to evaluate the face validity 9 soldiers, and for the pilot study 103 soldiers formed the sample size. Finally, construct validity was assessed among 251 soldiers. <strong>Results</strong>: In the first phase, 78 items were collected and designed. Then, based on the experts’ opinions and preliminary studies, the items were reduced to 52 in the “Assessing the items phase” and then to 42 items in the psychometric phase. In the third phase, 31 items remained in the final version. The CVR and CVI scores of the 52 items were 0.91 and 0.94, respectively. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a 4‑factor structure with 31 items of special value that were higher than five that accounted for 55.04 of the total scale variance. The fit indices values indicated that the model is fit for the data. In the total scale, the test–retest reliability and Cronbach’s alpha were 0.81 and 0.76, respectively. <strong>Conclusion</strong>: The MHLQ of soldiers has appropriate psychometric properties and can be considered as a suitable tool for evaluation and screening as well as a basis for educational and research interventions.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2689http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2689/717718530International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213720220814Predictors of Catching COVID‑19 Infection during Pandemic Stage in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS)26902690ENMultiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences & Universal Council of Epidemiology (UCE), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranIsfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanMultiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranMultiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Naples,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20220814<strong>Background</strong>: Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) are considered at higher risk of COVID‑19 infection due to treatment with immune modulators and immune‑suppressive agents. The exact risk factors are not clear. So, we aimed to conduct a study to determine the predictors of catching COVID‑19 infection during the pandemic stage in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). <strong>Methods</strong>: We conducted a multicenter screening study and developed an online questionnaire to collect patients’ self‑reported demographic features along with MS‑related and COVID‑19–related information. The online questionnaire link was released by the Iran Multiple Sclerosis Society (IMSS) social media channel, accessible for 4160 MS patients totally and also was sent by WhatsApp for nonmember cases. <strong>Results</strong>: Totally, 1448 MS patients participated in our study. Twenty‑five (1.7%) patients were diagnosed with COVID‑19, from which 4 were hospitalized, 4 were treated with medical therapy, and 17 patients had home‑quarantine. The patients with COVID‑19 diagnosis were more frequently treated with rituximab (28% vs 24%, P = 0.001) than others, and cardiovascular comorbidity was more frequent in this group (8% vs 1.6%, P = 0.01). Regression analysis showed that cardiovascular disease was a significant positive predictor of COVID‑19 infection (OR = 5.2, 95% CI: 1.1–23.7). <strong>Conclusions</strong>: Patients with MS who have cardiovascular disease should be more monitored for COVID‑19 infection as they are at higher risk of infection.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2690http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2690/717718531International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213720220814Medical Error and Under‑Reporting Causes from the Viewpoints of Nursing Managers: A Qualitative Study26912691ENStudent Research Committee, Department of Community Medicine & Emergency Medicine Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ShirazDepartment of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ShirazDepartment of Community Health and Epidemiology, College of Medicine, University of SaskatchewanDepartment of Community Medicine, School of Medicine & Health Behavior Science Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz & Visiting Professor, University of
Saskatchewan, CanadaSchool of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, New South Wales20220814<strong>Background</strong>: Patient safety as a goal can be achieved by reporting medical errors (ME); however, most errors are never reported. The aim of this study is to explore the causes of ME, and the obstacles in reporting them amongst nurses. <strong>Methods</strong>: We conducted semi‑structural interviews, with 12 nursing managers in the biggest teaching hospital in southern Iran (2015‑2016). The interview guide concentrated on the causes of ME and barriers in reporting them. All face‑to‑face interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic analysis. <strong>Results</strong>: In this study 4 main themes were extracted for the causes of ME: personal/social characteristics, nonprofessional practice, hospital related factors/organization contextual factors, and poor management. Also, 5 main themes (such as; personal characteristics, fear from reporting, nonprofessional practices, cultural and social factors, and error surveillance system features) were obtained with regards to barriers in reporting. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: ME can be reduced by improving professional practice and better human resource management. Also, reporting errors can be increased by focusing on cultural and social factorshttp://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2691http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2691/717718532International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213720220814Prevalence of Tobacco Use in Adults; 2016 Nationally Representative Household Survey in Iran26922692ENHealth Observatory Secretariate, National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Research and Education, National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranHealth Observatory Secretariate, National Institute of Health Research (NIHR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20220814<strong>Background</strong>: Tobacco use is an established preventable risk factor for many noncommunicable diseases and is considered as an important indicator for monitoring progress towards Universal Health Coverage (UHC) and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study aimed to determine the situation of tobacco use among Iranian adults using 2016 household survey. <strong>Methods</strong>: This is a secondary analysis of the data from 2016 nationally representative STEPwise approach to Surveillance (STEPs) survey with a sample size of 31,050. The data on tobacco consumption was gathered using questions incorporated in the survey questionnaire. <strong>Results</strong>: The prevalence of current tobacco use in Iran was 25.2 % (24.4‑25.9) in men versus 4% (3.7‑4.3) in women. The prevalence was higher in rural areas and among second wealth group. The prevalence of current daily cigarette smoking was 20.1% (19.4‑20.7) in men versus 0.9% (0.8‑1.1) in women). Average number of cigarettes per day among current cigarette smokers was 14.5% (14.1‑14.9), mean age at start smoking among daily cigarette smokers was 21.6% (21.1‑22), and 95.2% (94.4‑96) of daily current daily cigarette smokers attempted for cessation during past 12 months. Prevalences of exposure to secondhand cigarette smoke among nonsmokers at homes and workplaces were 23.21% (22.65‑23.76) and 18.04% (17.2‑18.87), respectively. <strong>Conclusions</strong>: There was a large difference between the prevalence of tobacco use between men and women (25.2% vs. 4%). Higher prevalences of tobacco use in rural areas and among lower wealth quintiles require more equity‑based approaches in tobacco combatting actions.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2692http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2692/717718533International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780213720220814Implementing National Digital Health Blueprint in India-The future opportunities and challenges26872687ENDepartment of Community and Family Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, MaduraiIndependent Public Health Researcher, Jammu and KashmirTexas A and M University, Texas20220814This vision of the National Health Policy (NHP)[1] of India is reinforced in the recently released National Digital Health Blueprint (NDHB). This NDHB is a follow‑up to the NHP‑2017, which aimed to deliver universal healthcare to all Indian people through the use of digital technology in order to improve efficiency and effectiveness.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2687http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2687/717718528