International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021462023073028352835ENStudent Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, MashhadDepartment of Neurology, University of Medical Sciences, GorganMultiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranUniversal Council of Epidemiology (UCE), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranMultiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20230722<p>Background: This systematic review and meta‑analysis aim to update the pooled prevalence of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: Two researchers independently and systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, Web of Science, and google scholar. They also searched for references of the included studies, and conference abstracts that were published up to September 2021. Results: The literature search revealed 5719 articles, after deleting duplicates 3616 remained. Finally, 17 studies were included. The pooled prevalence of IBD in MS was 1% (I2 = 96.3%, P &lt; 0.001). The pooled odds ratio of developing IBD in MS cases was 1.36 (95% CI: 1.1–1.6) (I2 = 58.3, P = 0.01). Conclusions: The results of this systematic review and meta‑analysis show that the pooled prevalence of IBD in MS patients was 1% and the pooled odds ratio of developing IBD in MS cases was 1.36.</p><p> </p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2835http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2835/717718701

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021462023073028332833ENDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, IsfahanDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, IsfahanDepartment of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Isfahan, IsfahanApplied Physiology Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan20230722Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of aerobic exercise with detraining in different phases of prevention on BCL2 Associated X (BAX) and B-cell lymphoma 2 (BCl‑2) gene expression and proteins. Methods: For this purpose, 32 female Balb‑c mice (18–20 g) were purchased and randomly assigned to primordial prevention (A), primary prevention (B), secondary prevention (C), and control (D). A group performed aerobic exercise for 4 weeks, after 4T1 cells injection detrained for 8 weeks. Group B performed aerobic exercise for 4 weeks immediately after injecting 4T1 cells and then detrained for 4 weeks. In C group, the 4T1 cells were first injected and did not perform any activity for 4 weeks, followed by 4 weeks of aerobic exercise. Forty‑eight hours after the last training session and detraining courses, after anesthesia, sacrificing, and tissue removal, were performed. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) was used to measure gene expression and Western blot (WB) was used to measure protein content. One‑way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to analyze data. Results: The results showed that aerobic exercise in A, B, and C groups compared to D group reduced BCl‑2 gene expression and protein and increased BAX gene expression and protein. Conclusions: Therefore, exercise can cause apoptosis in tumor cells by increasing pre‑apoptotic factors and decreasing antiapoptotic factors in tumor cells, and consequently improving the disease status.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2833http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2833/717718702

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021462023073028342834ENDepartment of Eye, Eye Research Center, Amiralmomenin Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, RashtDepartment of Eye, Eye Research Center, Amiralmomenin Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, RashtDepartment of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, RashtDepartment of Eye, Eye Research Center, Amiralmomenin Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, RashtDepartment of Eye, Eye Research Center, Amiralmomenin Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, RashtDepartment of Eye, Eye Research Center, Amiralmomenin Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, RashtDepartment of Eye, Eye Research Center, Amiralmomenin Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, RashtDepartment of Eye, Eye Research Center, Amiralmomenin Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht20230722Background: The basis of the overcorrecting minus lens is to induce compliance and consequently prevent constant exotropia. Some previous studies advocated early surgical therapy and others suggested over‑minus treatment. Our purpose is to evaluate the success rate of the over‑minus lens. Methods: This descriptive cross‑sectional study was carried out on 106 patients under the age of 7 years with intermittent exotropia (IXT) who attended Amir‑Al‑Momenin Hospital at Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Iran. The data was gathered by a form including sex, age, level of cycloplegic refraction, the amount of deviation before and after using the over‑minus glasses, visual acuity, the amount of the over‑minus glasses, duration of treatment, recovery, and follow‑up. The success rate was defined as decreasing exotropia to less than ten prism diopters or exophoria. Results: A total of 106 patients with a mean age of 2.25 ± 0.74 years were enrolled in this study. The mean exotropia before and after treatment was 20.96 ± 8.20 and 12.16 ± 11.04 prism diopters, respectively, and there was a statistically significant difference (P &lt; 0.002). The mean refractive spherical and astigmatic errors (cycloplegic refraction) were +1.34 ± 1.07 and −0.32 ± 0.72 diopters, respectively. At the end of the follow‑up, exotropia increased in 5.6% of patients, there was no change in 15% of patients with a mean deviation of 25.0 ± 6.06 prism diopters, and 79.24% of patients were treated successfully. Conclusions: According to the results of this study, treatment of IXT by over‑correcting lenses can be a safe procedure and effective in preventing exotropia.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2834http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2834/717718703

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021462023073028362836ENDepartment  of Food and Nutrition Policy and Planning Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Community Nutrition, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, TehranDepartment of Community Nutrition, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, and Oncopathology Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan, Kagawa Nutrition University, Saitama, Japan, Institute of Nutrition Sciences, SaitamaDepartment of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Nutrition Research, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, School of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, and National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20230722Background: Women’s nutrition status includes significant effects on their children and household health. The purpose of this study was to assess energy and micronutrient intake adequacy in Iranian women. Methods: This study was a part of the Urban HEART Study, which has jointly been developed by the World Health Organization (WHO) Centre for Health Development, Kobe, Japan. In total, anthropometric and dietary intake data were collected from 1125 women in southern Tehran municipality districts. A 24‑h recall questionnaire was completed by the expert nutritionists and the participants’ anthropometric statuses were assessed. Food intakes were calculated in grams per capita per day. Micronutrients and energy requirements were adapted from WHO/Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) tables and Iran National Food Consumption Survey, respectively. Results: Nearly 71.5% of the women were overweight or obese [body mass index (BMI) ≥25 kg/m2 ]. Furthermore, 1.2% of the women were underweight (BMI &lt;18.5 kg/m2 ), while 27.3% had normal weight (BMI = 18.5‑‑24.9 kg/m2 ). The mean bread/cereal and vegetable intakes were significantly higher in obese group, compared to that in normal/under/overweight group (375.6 g/day ± 151.4, P = 0.05; and 331.4 g/day ± 227.5, P = 0.02), respectively]. Women in the lean group significantly consumed higher quantities of cakes/pastries and had the lowest calcium and iron adequacy ratios, compared to other groups (p = 0.001, P = 0.03, and P = 0.05, respectively). Conclusions: These findings suggest that Iranian women, especially those who reside in the southern areas of Tehran, need to change their dietary habits to maintain their health. Moreover, being under/normal weight does not necessarily mean following healthy diets.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2836http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2836/717718704

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021462023073028372837ENOccupational Therapy Department, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, TabrizPediatric Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Research Center, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranPhysiotherapy Department, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, TabrizRoad Traffic Injury Research Center, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, TabrizPhysiotherapy Department, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, TabrizPhysiotherapy Department, Faculty of Rehabilitation, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, TabrizPediatric Pulmonologist, Medical School of Tabriz Azad University, TabrizPhysiotherapy Department, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz20230729Background: Cystic fibrosis is a progressive, fatal disease affecting the quality of life. The cystic fibrosis questionnaire‑revised (CFQ‑R) is an efficient tool to monitor health‑related quality of life in patients. The aim of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of the child and parent versions of the Persian version of the CFQ‑R in the Iranian population. Methods: Fifty children with cystic fibrosis (6–11 years) and their parents were allocated in this methodological study to examine convergent validity, discriminant validity, test‑retest reliability (n = 30), internal consistency, ceiling and floor effects, and agreement between two versions of the CFQ‑R. Results: Convergent validity was confirmed for parent proxy (P &lt; 0.05). CFQ‑R discriminated patients among stages of disease severity based on lung function, age, and BMI (P &lt; 0.05). Test‑retest analysis revealed good to excellent reliability (inter‑class correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.78–0.97). In most domains, lower quality of life scores was obtained in the parent proxy compared to the child version (P &lt; 0.05). Domain‑specific correlations were found between the child version and parent proxy (P &lt; 0.05). Internal consistency was generally confirmed (α = 0.13–0.83 in child version and α = 0.25–0.87 in parent proxy). There were no floor effects. Ceiling effects were mostly seen for physical, digestion, and body image domains in the child version and for eating, weight, and school domains in the parent proxy. Conclusions: The child version and parent proxy of the Persian CFQ‑R are valid and reliable measures and can be applied in clinical trials to monitor the quality of life in children with cystic fibrosis. It is recommended to use both versions in conjunction to better interpret the quality of life aspects of children with cystic fibrosis.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2837http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2837/717718705

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021462023073028432843ENSports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran & Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, OntarioSports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranSports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranSports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranSports Medicine Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran & Spine Center of Excellence, Yas Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20230729Background: Built environment determinants of engaging in physical activity are dependent on the properties of societies. This study investigates the relationship between structural variables of the environment using geographic information systems (GIS) and the level of physical activity in 22 districts of Tehran. Methods: This cross‑sectional study was based on Urban Health Equity Assessment and Response Tool (Urban HEART‑2). Physical activity level was assessed via the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). The characteristics of the neighborhood environment, including land use, street pattern, population density, and traffic, were determined via ArcGIS software. Walkability index (population density, street pattern, land use) was calculated to assess the effect of the main variables of living environment on physical activity level. Results: Among the built environmental variables, land use was associated with the total physical activity and travel‑related physical activity level (r: 0.155, P value: 0.001, and r: 0.122, P value: 0.007, respectively). The walkability index indicated an association with the total physical activity level and travel‑related physical activity level (r: 0.126, P value: 0.006, and r: 0.135, P value: 0.001, respectively). Higher levels of the walkability index were associated with an improved level of physical activity (OR: 2.04). Conclusions: Walkability index and land use positively correlate with total physical activity level, and providing action plans that improve walkability index and land use might lead to increased physical activity level.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2843http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2843/717718706

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021462023073028402840ENSchool of Medicine, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, IsfahanSchool of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Neurology, School of Medicine, Isfahan Neurosciences Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanSchool of Medicine, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, IsfahanDepartment of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, BojnurdSchool of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanSchool of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20230729Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating, immune‑mediated disease of the central nervous system. It is still unestablished whether heredity correlates with the disease’s progression and severity. Methods: This study includes the patients with MS seen in the MS clinic of Kashani Hospital, affiliated with Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, from January 2019 to January 2020. We gathered data regarding the demographic and clinical characteristics, such as type of disease and family history of MS. Patients were grouped based on having relatives with MS. We compared demographic and clinical characteristics between those with a family history of MS (familial MS: FMS) and those without a family history of MS (sporadic MS: SMS). Results: We included 2,929 MS patients, 523 (17.2%) with FMS and 2,406 (82.8%) with SMS. Patients with FMS were found to have active lesions in the thoracic spine more frequently than those with SMS (P = 0.022). We also found differences in the distribution of gender (P = 0.036) and the frequency of having active brain lesions (P = .024) among patients with FMS and SMS. No difference was found between the demographic/clinical characteristics and the number of affected relatives in the family. Conclusions: Significant differences were found among different groups of patients in terms of demographical and clinical characteristics.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2840http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2840/717718707

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021462023073028322832ENChronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranChronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran1. Chronic Respiratory Disease Research Center (CRDRC), National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 2. Department of Medicine, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, IranDepartment of Anesthesiology, Center for Perioperative Organ Protection, Duke University, Durham, NC20230722Background: Many previous studies demonstrated that methamphetamine (METH) abuses can cause mood‑related behavioral changes. Previous studies indicated neuroprotective effects of Selegiline. Methods: Seventy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into eight groups (10 rats in each group). Group 1 and Group 2 received normal saline and methamphetamine (10 mg/kg) for 21 days, respectively. Groups 3, 4, and 5 were treated simultaneously with methamphetamine and Selegiline with doses of 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg for 21 days. Groups 6 and 7 are methamphetamine‑dependent groups which received 15 mg/kg of Selegiline with haloperidol (as D2 receptor antagonist) and trazodone (as 5‑HT2 receptor antagonist) for 21 days, respectively. In days 23 and 24, elevated plus maze (EPM) and open‑field test (OFT) were conducted to assess motor activity and mood (anxiety and depression) levels. Results: METH as 10 mg/kg causes reduction of rearing number, ambulation distances, time spent in central square and also number of central square entries in OFT. Also METH administration causes decreases of time spent in open arm and number of open arm entries and increases of time spent in closed arm and number of closed arm entries in EPM. In contrast, Selegiline (of 10, 15, and 20 mg/kg) inhibited behavioral effects of methamphetamine in both OFT and EPM. Also administration of haloperidol and trazodone inhibited these behavioral protective effects of Selegiline and caused decrease of OFT behaviors (rearing number, ambulation distances, time spent in central square, and also number of central square entries) and also caused decreases of spend times in open arm, number of open arm entries, and also increased closed arm time spending and number of entries in closed arm in EPM. Conclusions: Current research showed that Selegiline via mediation of D2 and 5‑HT2 receptors inhibits METH‑induced neurobehavioral changes, mood‑related behavior, and motor activity disturbances.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2832http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2832/717718708

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021462023073028262826ENPrivate Academic Consultant, Sanitation 1 Medical Academic CenterHonorary Professor, Dr DY Patil University, Pune, Maharashtra20230628<span class="fontstyle0">Dear Editor, COVID‑19 vaccine is the new hope for controlling the new emerging pandemic disease, COVID‑19. At present, many new COVID‑19 vaccines have already been registered and are used in several countries around the world.</span>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2826http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2826/717718709

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021462023073028272827ENPrivate Academic ConsultantDepartment of Community Medicine, Dr. DY Patil University, Pune, Maharashtra20230628<span class="fontstyle0">There are some recent reports of vaccine hesitancy globally toward the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) vaccines. Vaccine hesitancy is an important issue to be discussed in preventive medicine. There are many factors that can lead to vaccine hesitancy.</span>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2827http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2827/717718710

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021462023073028282828ENMedical Center, Shantou Medical Center, ShantouDepartment of Community Medicine, Dr. DY Patil University, Pune, Maharashtra20230628Dear Editor, Herd immunity for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) in the absence of a vaccine is an interesting issue in the current situation that the new vaccine is still not sufficient. Herd immunity in the absence of a vaccine might be a possible and/or viable path.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2828http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2828/717718711

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021462023073028292829ENPrivate Academic Consultant, BangkokDepartment of Community Medicine, Dr. D. Y. Patil University, Pune, Maharashtra20230722Dear Editor, COVID‑19 vaccine is the preventive tool against COVID‑19. The safety of the new vaccine is the present issue for research. For any vaccination, postvaccination death requires a good investigation. An interesting emerging problem on postvaccination death due to ruptured aneurysms is an interesting observation. The primary investigation by local public health administrators usually reveals no association (for example, see https://healthserv.net/en9417). Theoretically, COVID‑19 might cause aberration in homoeostatic system. The clinical association with an aneurysm is also reported.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2829http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2829/717718712

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021462023073028302830ENPrivate Academic Consultant, BangkokDepartment of Community Medicine, Dr. DY Patil University, Pune, Maharashtra20230722<p>Dear Editor,</p><p>Mendicino and Moretti provided very useful ideas on using “tests for the detection of antibodies to SARS‑CoV‑2.”[1] Mendicino and Moretti discussed on effect of local prevalence of coronavirus disease (COVID) on diagnostic property of the test and concluded that “knowledge about the advantages and limitations of each test will help to select the most appropriate one to each clinical and epidemiological situation, and to an adequate interpretation of the results.”</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2830http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2830/717718713

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021462023073028312831ENPrivate Academic Consultant, BangkokDr DY Patil University, Pune, Maharashtra, India & Visiting Professor, Hainan Medical University, Haikou20230722Dear Editor, COVID‑19 is still a global challenge to be managed. This infection has caused worldwide crises resulting in more than 104 million infected persons worldwide. As disease containment depends on several factors, a strict regimen for disease controlling and surveillance is necessary. For controlling the outbreak, case identification is needed. When there is a newly detected case, identification of at‑risk persons in contact with the patient is needed and it might be sometimes difficult.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2831http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2831/717718714

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021462023073028422842ENDepartment of Nursing, School of Nursing, Larestan University of Medical Sciences, LarestanCellular and Molecular Research Center, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, GerashCellular and Molecular Research Center, Gerash University of Medical Sciences, Gerash20230729Dear Editor, COVID‑19, a deadly disease that started in December 2019 following a severe epidemic of severe respiratory disease in Wuhan, China,[1] and nearly two years later, on November 8, 2021, it swept across the world and infected more than 249 million people and caused more than 5 million deaths.[2] From the beginning of the disease in the world, the role of nurses in different parts of hospitals and helping to provide treatment for them has been very important, and nurses have been at the forefront of the fight against this pandemic.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2842http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2842/717718715

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021462023073028412841ENPrivate Academic Consultant, BangkokHonorary Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Dr DY Patil Vidhyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra20230729Dear Editor, The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) vaccine is the hope for the management of the COVID‑19 outbreak. At present, the COVID‑19 vaccine is already in use in several countries. An important concern is the adverse effect of vaccination. There are many possible adverse effects of the COVID‑19 vaccine including vascular complication. The possible neurological complication due to the COVID‑19 vaccine is an important present consideration.[1] There are many recent reports on neurological incidences including stroke‑like complication after vaccination.http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2841http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2841/717718716

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021462023073028392839ENPrivate Academic Consultant, BangkokHonorary Professor, Dr DY Patil Vidhyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra20230729Dear Editor, The coronavirus disease (COVID‑19) vaccine is the present preventive tool for COVID‑19 containment. Mass immunization is required for achieving herd immunity. If herd immunity is reached, a successful COVID‑19 containment is expected.[1,2] In general, the targeted population size that herd immunity will achieve is mainly based on the basic reproduction number and is generally estimated as 75%.[1,2] Regarding the required period to achieve the impact of herd immunity depends on many facts including the targeted population size (unit: %), base local infection prevalence (unit: %), vaccination rate (unit: %), efficacy of vaccine (unit: %), and monthly infection rate (unit: %).http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2839http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2839/717718717

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021462023073028382838ENDepartment of Medical Clinic. Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil & Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, LondonFaculty of Public Health, University of São PauloDepartment of Public Health. Instituto Federal Goiano, Ceres & Department of Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New ZealandDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London, London20230729Dear Editor, In a scenario where there is a lot of uncertainty regarding SARS‑CoV‑2, vitamin and mineral supplementation have gained considerable attention due to the belief that they could prevent infection. However, the scientific evidence is tenuous with regard to their potential to prevent coronavirus disease‑2019 (COVID‑19), and reduce disease severity or mortalityhttp://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/2838http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/2838/717718718