International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780221201012079494MD, PhD, Emeritiert Professor, Arteriosklerose-Präventions-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich.20110101<p>The global increase of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence requires intensified efforts for early detection and prevention. Increased central (abdominal) adiposity has a special importance because of increased risk of cardio-metabolic diseases. &nbsp;[2]. Waist circumference (WC) is the best simple index of fat distribution, since it was least affected by gender, race, and overall adiposity [3]. WC correlates with intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat measured by magnetic resonance imaging in youths [4]. Increased WC is one of the five diagnostic items of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) which is essential for the definition of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) in terms of increased WC plus 2 out of the followings; elevated fasting plasma glucose, hypertension, elevated triglycerides and low HDL-C [5].</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/94http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/94/309

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780221201012147777ENDepartment of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tehran University Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.Resident, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tehran University Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.2010112320101125ABSTRACT<br />Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common serious bacterial infection in early life. Appropriate diagnosis and treatment prevent complications such as hypertension, proteinuria and end stage renal disease. A computerized search of MEDLINE, Embase and other databases was done to find the latest results about the treatment and prevention in pediatric UTI. Randomized control trials, systematic reviews and original articles were assessed. Search terms were &ldquo;UTI, treatment, prophylaxis, prevention and children&rdquo;.All children with complicated or simple UTI were included in our search study from neonatal period to late childhood and medical aspects of treatment were reviewed. Recently, treatment approaches have been changed by simplification of drug administration.<br />Oral treatment is usually recommended especially in older infants and children instead of strict intravenous treatment<br />and patient admission. In addition, prophylactic treatment becomes easier and limited to certain cases. In this article, we review the recent information and approaches in this setting.<br />Keywords: Urinary tract infection, Treatment, Prophylaxis, Prevention, Children. <br />http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/77http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/77/310

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780221201012145858ENMBBS, MPH, CHES, CPH, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Health Studies, East Stroudsburg University, East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania.2010110920101206<p><strong><em>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;</em>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p><p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p><p>The HIV/AIDS (Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) epidemic is in its third decade and has reached to alarming proportions worldwide. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, more than one million people are living with HIV with an estimated 56,300 infections happening each year in the United States .Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS via early testing along with pretest and post-test counseling is important for psychosocial stabilization and destigmatization.Risk reduction counseling as a preventive counseling method is equally important in high-risk individuals such as adolescents, substance abusers and in gay and bisexual population. The purpose of this manuscript is to address a number of counseling strategies used for education and counseling of individuals at risk of getting HIV/AIDS and also among those who are HIV infected. Some of the various dimensions of counseling are negative approach counseling, assessing readiness to change, and motivational enhancement therapy. Multiple approaches are used by counselors in providing education and prevention counseling to &lsquo;at risk&rsquo; individuals and also individuals who have been infected with the virus.</p><p><strong>Key words</strong>: safer sex, social testing, HIV education, counseling</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/58http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/58/311

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780221201012229191ENArteriosklerose-Praeventions-Institut Munich-Nuremberg, Germany.Arteriosklerose-Praeventions-Institut Munich-Nuremberg, Germany.Arteriosklerose-Praeventions-Institut Munich-Nuremberg. MD, PhD, Prof. Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.20101221<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong>Background:</strong> Increased central adiposity is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in youths. Since simple and inexpensive but accurate diagnostic tools are required for general use we examined body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) and skin-fold thickness (SFT) for their utility predicting CVD risk factors in children.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A representative sample of 3850 children (1981 males) aged 3-11years</p><p>participated in this cross-sectional study. The association of CVD risk factors with BMI&gt;85^th, WC&gt;90^th, WHtR &gt;90^th and SFT&gt;90^thpercentile was examined by multivariate logistic regression models. SPSS 17 was used for statistical analyses; p &lt; 0.05 was used for significance.</p><p><strong>Results</strong> In children the prevalence of general adiposity (4.1%) was considerably lower than the prevalence of central adiposity (WC 11.8%, WHtR 9.5% and SFT sum 9.8%). Girls had &nbsp;&nbsp;more adverse lipid profiles and CVD risk factors than boys. Age- and gender adjusted hypertension was significantly associated with adiposity (OR 2.8) and increased skin-fold thickness (OR 1.7). Among the four fat patterning variables WHtR &gt;90^th percentile was the strongest predictor of increased LDL-C (OR 2.0), Non HDL-C (OR 2.1), LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (OR 3.3), TG/HDL-C ratio (OR 2.0) and risk factor clustering (OR 1.7).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>High waist-to-height ratio is the strongest predictor of traditional cardiovascular risk factors already in childhood, followed by increased skin-fold thickness and body mass index.</p><p>Word count: 221 words</p><p>Key words: Skin-fold thickness, waist-to-height, prediction, cardiovascular risk factors, youth</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/91http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/91/312

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780221201011297979ENPhD, Associate Professor of Sport Injuries,School of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, The University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Adjunct Professor of Sport Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Food & Exercise Sciences, Tallahassee, FL, USA.PhD, Assistant Professor of Exercise Physiology, Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, The University of Shahre Kord, Shahre Kord, Iran.PhD, Professor of Exercise Physiology, School of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, The University of Tehran, Tehran,Iran.2010112820101206<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong>Objectives:</strong> The aim of this study was to examine the influence of high-intensity intermittent exercise and carbohydrate supplementation on cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and creatine kinase-MB (CK-MB) in soccer players.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> Twelve elite soccer players were selected and divided equally into three groups of carbohydrate (CHO), placebo (P) and control (C). Blood samples were taken in six phases and were analyzed with the chemiluminescence method.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Results showed that three bouts of 90-min exercise along with carbohydrate supplementation do not have any significant effect on the level of cTnI indices. However, there was a significant difference in CK-MB values after the second and third sessions compared with the first day (P&lt;0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> In conclusion, exercises with less duration and intensity like soccer do not seem to be effective on the markers. When the overall intensity of exercise was moderate it appeared that carbohydrate supplementation had less effect on the alteration of biochemical markers of the myocardial muscle.</p><p><strong>&nbsp;</strong></p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Carbohydrate supplementation, Intermittent exercise, cTnI, CK-MB</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/79http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/79/313

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780221201011297474ENMD, Assistant Professor, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Isfahan, Iran.MD, General Practitioner, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Isfahan, Iran.MD, General Practitioner, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Isfahan, Iran.MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Isfahan, Iran.MD, General Practitioner, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Isfahan, Iran.MD, General Practitioner, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Isfahan, Iran.MD, General Practitioner, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch, Isfahan, Iran.2010111320101120<p><strong>Abstract:</strong></p><p>Background: Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) with the prevalence of about 2-3 percent among different populations is a cause of cirrhosis. Detecting preventable causes in Iranian population could be useful in decreasing the disease and its complications. This study assessed the prevalence of NASH in adult population living in Isfahan city as a sample of Iranian population.</p><p>Methods: Blood samples of 2030 individuals referring to Dr. Shariati Hospital for routine health check-up were collected. All individuals with high liver enzymes [aspartate aminotransferase (<em>AST</em>) and/or Alanine aminotranferease (ALT)] included in the study. Known causes of altered liver enzymes by doing specific biomedical laboratory tests and tacking the history were excluded. For the rest of the cases, second blood samples were obtained 6 months later and any cases with persistent enzyme elevation were surveyed with ultrasound.</p><p>Results: In the first survey, 234 individuals (11.5 %) had ALT level of more than 40 U/L. By rechecking samples after 6 months, 50% of all high serum ALT individuals remained at high level. After conducting complementary biochemical tests, 3.3% of the population was considered to have NASH. 20% of NASH cases had not any abnormal findings in ultrasound. Hypercholesterolemia was the most co-existing risk factor in NASH cases. We found a reverse correlation between ALT level and age (P = 0.02).</p><p>Conclusion: The prevalence of NASH was comparable with other countries. According to the meaningful correlation between ALT level and age, preventive interactions in younger individuals would decrease the incidence of NASH.</p><p><strong>Key words: </strong>Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, Adult, Population-based study, Liver enzyme, Iran</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/74http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/74/314

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780221201101018282ENMD, Associated Professor of Urology, Urology Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.MD, Urology Research Center, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran.2010112820101206<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong>Introduction &amp; objective:</strong> An estimated 70% of men aged 61-70 years and 90% of those aged 81-90 have pathological benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Almost 20% of patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) associated with BPH might also have symptoms of prostatitis. But the inter-relationship between BPH and prostatic inflammation, and how one can influence the other, is under controversy. The aim of our study was determining whether the incidence of prostatic inflammation was significantly different in patients presented with acute urinary retention (AUR) than in those presented with LUTS.</p><p><strong>Patients &amp; methods: </strong>This is a cross-sectional study which carried out in a hospital at Guilan, the northern province of Iran. 280 patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) or open prostatectomy between 1999 and 2002 were subjects of the study. Histopathologic samples of prostate were examined for existence of (acute and/or chronic intraprostatic inflammation) ACI .</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> 150 patients (53.6%) undertook surgery because of AUR and 130 patients (46.4%) because of&nbsp; LUTS. Among them, 130 patients (46.4%) showed ACI in the pathologic examinations whereas 150 patients (53.6%) did not. The patients with AUR were significantly older than those with LUTS (P = 0.001). ACI was significantly associated with AUR (P = 0.016). The mean (SD) prostate weight was significantly higher in AUR group compared to that in the LUTS group .Also those patients who showed ACI according to pathologic examinations had heavier prostates than those who did not.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The main finding of the present study is that ACI may be associated with some degree of urinary obstruction and AUR.</p><p>&nbsp;</p><strong>Keywords: </strong>ACI , AUR, BPHhttp://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/82http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/82/315

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780221201101137676ENMD, MPH, Knowledge Utilization Research Center (KURC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.MD, MPH, PhD Candidate, Knowledge Utilization Research Center (KURC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.BSc, Knowledge Utilization Research Center (KURC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.DVM, PhD, Knowledge Utilization Research Center (KURC), School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.2010111520101116<p><strong>Objective-</strong> Preparedness and response at the time of pandemic range from writing programs to conducting procedures as well as informing the target population. The present study was conducted to evaluate the awareness of general practitioners in Tehran, at the time of H1N1 pandemic. It also aimed to identify the main sources used for gathering information at each alert level.</p><p><strong>Methods-</strong> Two telephone surveys were conducted with a 4 month interval in between, at the beginning of H1N1 pandemic alert level 5 and 6, on 90 and 100 general practitioners, respectively. The knowledge of these physicians on the symptoms of H1N1 flu, the transmission methods, the preventative measures, existing treatments along with the sources used for gathering information were assessed.</p><p><strong>Results-</strong> While mass media was the main source of gathering information in at the H1N1 pandemic alert level 5, more professional sources were used at the H1N1 pandemic alert level 6. Despite the acceptable improvement noted in the knowledge of the physicians during the two phases of the study, their understanding of the disease was believed to be less than the expected level based on H1N1 pandemic alert level.</p><p><strong>Conclusion-</strong> The routine use of mass media as one of the main sources of information gathering at the two stages of the study points out the importance of it in providing physicians with the required information at the time of H1N1 pandemic. Using adequate, up-to-date, but non-specialized media can fill the gap in information gathering, required for fighting pandemic.</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/76http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/76/316

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780221201012079696ENMSc, MPhil, PhD, FLT, Associate Professor of Sport Injuries, Scool of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Adjunct Professor of Sports Medicine, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.20110103<p>Association football (soccer) is certainly one of the most popular sports worldwide. It has been reported that more than 200,000 professional and 240 million amateur players, play football ¹. Compared with other sports, football is a vigorous sporting activity with relatively high incidence of injury^2,3,4,5. To decrease the number of injuries, prevent early retirement and provide a healthy and safe environment for players, preventive programs are highly recommended. For designing preventive programs, information about the incidence and risk of injury are required⁵</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/96http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/96/317

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78022120110108105105MD, Professor of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.20110108Some Prevention Activities in Isfahan University of Medical Scienceshttp://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/105http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/105/320

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-780221201012079595MD, Professor of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Child Growth and Development Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.20110101<p><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>The present study was designed to evaluate surgeons' strategies and adherence to preventive measures against surgical site infections (SSIs).</p><p><strong>MATERIALS AND METHODS: </strong>All surgeons participating in a prospective Swiss multicentric surveillance program for SSIs received a questionnaire developed from the 2008 National (United Kingdom) Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) clinical guidelines on prevention and treatment of SSIs. We focused on perioperative management and surgical technique in hernia surgery, cholecystectomy, appendectomy, and colon surgery (COL).</p><p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Forty-five of 50 surgeons contacted (90%) responded. Smoking cessation and nutritional screening are regularly propagated by 1/3 and 1/2 of surgeons, respectively. Thirty-eight percent practice bowel preparation before COL. Preoperative hair removal is routinely (90%) performed in the operating room with electric clippers. About 50% administer antibiotic prophylaxis within 30&nbsp;min before incision. Intra-abdominal drains are common after COL (43%). Two thirds of respondents apply nonocclusive wound dressings that are manipulated after hand disinfection (87%). Dressings are usually changed on postoperative day (POD) 2 (75%), and wounds remain undressed on POD 2-3 or 4-5 (36% each).</p><p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: </strong>Surgeons' strategies to prevent SSIs still differ widely. The adherence to the current NICE guidelines is low for many procedures regardless of the available level of evidence. Further research should provide convincing data in order to justify standardization of perioperative management.</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/95http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/95/321