International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802022015020314721472EN20150203<strong>Background:</strong> Renal ischemia-reperfusion (RIR) is the main cause of renal failure. The incidence of RIR injury seems to be gender-related due to female sex hormone; estrogen. This study was designed to investigate the protective role of estrogen against RIR injury in male and <br />ovariectomized female rats.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> Thirty-nine Wistar rats were used in this study as male and ovariectomized female rats in the sham-operated, RIR, and estradiol-treated plus RIR groups. The RIR was induced by clamping the renal vessels for 45 min and then 24 h of reperfusion. All animals fnally were sacrifced for the measurements.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The serum levels of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen and kidney tissue damage score signifcantly increased in both male and female RIR rats (P &lt; 0.05). Estradiol however signifcantly attenuated theses parameters (P &lt; 0.05) toward normal levels in female (P &lt; 0.05), but not in male rats. Kidney weight increased in both genders and estradiol intensifed it in the male rats (P &lt; 0.05). Uterus weight was increased by estradiol in female rats (P &lt; 0.05) and testis weight did not alter in male rats.<br /><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Estradiol demonstrated a protective role against RIR injury in female rats; however, estradiol as an antioxidant could not protect the male kidney from RIR injury.<br /><strong>Keywords:</strong> Estrogen, gender, rat, renal ischemia-reperfusionhttp://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1472http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1472/1771

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802022015040414941494EN20150404<strong>Background:</strong> Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a polygenic endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age that lead to infertility. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of<br />probiotic on pancreatic &beta;‑cell function and C‑reactive protein (CRP) in PCOS patients.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> This randomized double‑blind placebo‑controlled clinical trial was conducted among 72 women aged 15&ndash;40 years old diagnosed with PCOS. Participants were randomly assigned to two groups receiving: (1) Probiotic supplements (n = 36), (2) placebo (n = 36) for 8‑week. Fasting blood samples were taken at baseline and after 8‑week of intervention.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> Probiotic supplementation, compare with placebo, reduced fasting blood sugar (&minus;4.15 &plusmn; 2.87 vs. 2.57 &plusmn; 5.66 mg/dL, respectively P = 0.7), serum insulin levels in crude<br />model (&minus;0.49 &plusmn; 0.67 vs. 0.34 &plusmn; 0.82 &mu;IU/mL, respectively, P = 0.09), homeostasis model of assessment‑insulin resistance score (&minus;0.25 &plusmn; 0.18 vs. &minus;0.05 &plusmn; 0.18, respectively, P = 0.14)<br />nonsignificantly. Serum insulin levels after adjustment with covariates reduced significantly in probiotic group (P = 0.02). We did not found any significant differences in mean changes of CRP between groups (&minus;0.25 &plusmn; 0.18 vs. &minus;0.05 &plusmn; 0.18, respectively, P = 0.14).<br /><strong>Conclusions:</strong> A 8‑week multispecies probiotics supplementation had nonsignificantly beneficial effect on pancreatic &beta;‑cell function and CRP in PCOS patients. After adjustment for some<br />covariates, serum insulin changes were significantly different between groups.<br /><strong>Keywords:</strong> C‑reactive protein, pancreatic &beta;‑cell function, polycystic ovary syndrome, probiotic supplementationhttp://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1494http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1494/1776

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802022015030714871487EN20150307<p><strong>Background:</strong> Colonoscopy is the preferred screening method for colorectal cancer (CRC). This study aimed to identify factors motivating a beneficial health behavior, that is, the decision to complete a colonoscopy.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> We surveyed 91 primarily urban minority health care workers who were ineligible for a large randomized controlled trial due to self-reported asymptomatic colonoscopy screening. Participants were asked an open-ended question about what made them get screened. Responses were classified as external or internal motivations.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The most commonly reported external motivation was a primary care physician's recommendation (n = 60, 65.9%). Other external motivations were familiarity with CRC or polyps through family or work (n = 16, 17.6%) and pressure from relatives or friends (n = 8, 8.8%). Seventeen respondents were deemed self-motivated; these individuals were more likely have income over $50K/year (P &lt; 0.05) and to be US born (P = 0.05); they were more likely to mention being age-appropriate for screening (P &lt; 0.05); knew more people who had colonoscopies (P &lt; 0.001); they were less likely to believe that most of the age-appropriate population in New York City has been screened (P &lt; 0.01) and less likely to be deterred from colonoscopy by work schedule (P &lt; 0.001) or by having to take a powerful laxative (P &lt; 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> A primary care physician's recommendation may be the most prevalent motivating factor in patients' decisions to receive a colonoscopy, but a subgroup seeks CRC screening on their own. Analysis of the motivations of individuals who have sought colonoscopy screening may offer useful insights into motivating those who have not.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Colon cancer, colonoscopy, screening</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1487http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1487/1768

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802022015040414901490EN20150404<strong>Background:</strong> Early detection and treatment of diabetes mellitus may reduce the burden of diabetes and its complications. Screening of undiagnosed diabetes with gingival blood sample in patients attending to the dental hospital and to check the reliability with standard method.<br /><strong>Methods: </strong>Five hundred and fifty new patients age ranged from 30 to 50 years were randomly selected. Of 550 patients examined, gingival blood samples of 454 patients were collected from bleeding site and analyzed with self‑monitoring device. Blood glucose values were recorded. In<br />addition, all the patients were advised for the second visit with overnight fasting for fasting Blood glucose assessment. Among them, 442 patients returned for fasting blood glucose assessment in laboratory with blood glucose analyzer.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> In the total of 454 patients gingival blood glucose assessment with self‑monitoring device, 64 patients showed &ge;200 mg/dL, which indicates diabetes, and the other 390 patients showed &le;200 mg/dL, which indicates patients are not diabetic. Whereas, the results of the laboratory blood glucose analysis, 24 (5.43%) patients showed &ge;126 mg/dL, 36 (8.14%) patients showed 100&ndash;125 mg/dL and the other 382 patients are not diabetic. Comparison of blood glucose measurements by two methods showed sensitivity 96.66% and specificity 99.47%.<br /><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The results of the present study showed blood obtained from periodontal pocket probing is a reliable sample to screen diabetes in periodontal disease population. Early diagnosis of diabetes in the dental hospitals can help improve the patient&rsquo;s oral health and overall health status by helping patients avoid or reduce complications from diabetes.<br /><strong>Keywords:</strong> Diabetes, prediabetes, risk factor, screen, undiagnosedhttp://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1490http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1490/1772

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802022015040414911491EN20150404<strong>Background:</strong> Global burden of cancer is on rise and trends and pattern of cancers are rapidly changing different geographic and population groups. Gall bladder cancers are emerging with<br />increasing proportion among select areas and groups and understanding these variations are important for appropriate strategies and interventions. However, absence of a well‑developed universal cancer registry system in India, institution based secondary data analysis can generate<br />useful information. The present study was conducted to determine the trend and pattern of cancer cases (with special reference to gall bladder cancer) treated in a tertiary care hospital in northern part of West Bengal.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> Record based cross‑sectional study was conducted in Department of Radiotherapy, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital. All newly registered cases between (2010 and 2012)<br />were reviewed.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 2058 cancer cases were recorded during the 3‑year period. Of these, major types of cancers were oro‑pharynx (16.1%), breast (15.4%), cervix (13.2%), lung (12.7%), gall bladder (6.5%) stomach cancer (6.4%), etc., Increasing proportions was observed for breast<br />and gall bladder cancers. The proportion of gallbladder cancer cases in 2010, 2011, and 2012 were 3.8%, 7.3% and 7.8%, respectively. Among 134 gall bladder cancer cases, 93.3% were<br />females, 85.1% alcoholics, 57.4% had a history of fatty liver, 94% had adeno/adenosquamous<br />carcinomas, and 65.7% were metastatic in nature.<br /><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Increasing trend is observed in gall bladder cancer cases emphasizing the need for further large scale studies.<br /><strong>Keywords:</strong> Changing trends and patterns, gall bladder cancers, secondary datahttp://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1491http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1491/1773

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802022015040414921492EN20150404<strong>Background:</strong> Under‑reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) by the prescribers is a common public health problem. Monitoring of&nbsp; factors&nbsp; that&nbsp; infuence ADR&nbsp; reporting will&nbsp; reduce&nbsp; risks associated with drug use; improve patients care, safety and treatment outcome. The aim of this study was to determine the factors associated with the reporting of ADRs by health workers in Nnewi Nigeria.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross‑sectional study of 372 health workers in different health facilities in Nnewi North Local Government Area of Anambra state, selected using multistage sampling technique was done. Data collection employed pretested, self‑administered structured questionnaires. Data were <br />analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 17. Tests of statistical signifcance were carried out using Chi‑square tests for proportions. A P &lt; 0.05 was considered signifcant.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> Out of the 372 respondents studied, 255 (68.5%) were females, and 117 (31.5%) were <br />males. The modal age range (37.6%) was 31&ndash;40 years. Factors related by the respondents to infuence ADR reporting include: Unavailability of electronic reporting (83.6%), unavailability of <br />reporting&nbsp; forms&nbsp; (66.4%) and&nbsp; ignorance&nbsp; (58.2%). The difference among medical practitioners who related unavailability of electronic reporting process as obstacle to ADR reporting was not signifcant (P = 0.18).<br /><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The&nbsp; study&nbsp; results&nbsp; revealed&nbsp; the&nbsp; factors associated with&nbsp; the&nbsp; reporting of ADRs among health workers&nbsp; in Nnewi Nigeria.&nbsp; It is desirable&nbsp; to&nbsp; initiate electronic reporting process, training programs on ADR reporting and make reporting forms/guidelines available to relevant health workers.<br /><strong>Keywords:</strong> Adverse drug reporting, determinants, health workers, Nnewi Nigeriahttp://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1492http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1492/1774

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802022015030714861486EN20150307---http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1486http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1486/1769

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802022015040414881488EN20150404--http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1488http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1488/1770

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802022015040414931493EN20150404--http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1493http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1493/1775