International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802132015101315931593ENDepartment of Food Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranFaculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanCenter of Excellence in Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Tehran University20151013<p>Folic acid (FA) is a water soluble vitamin that exists in many natural species. The lack of FA causes some deficiencies in the human body, so finding a simple and sensitive method for determining the FA is important. One of the modern techniques which overcome the disadvantages of conventional determination methods is the sensors. Possibility of miniaturization, the development of microfabricated electrochemical (EC) sensors has resulted in high sensitivity, portability, improved performance and spatial resolution, low power consumption, and the opportunity for integration with other technologies made Micro‑Electrical‑Mechanical Systems‑based EC sensors suitable to identify low concentration analytes and microorganisms in a variety of mediums.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Biomaterials, folic acid, nanomaterials, selectivity, sensitivity, sensor</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1593http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1593/1883

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802132015102015961596ENDepartment Policy and Research, Regional Public Health Service of West‑Brabant, 5003 DA Tilburg, The NetherlandsDepartment of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Tranzo Scientific Center for Care and Welfare, Tilburg University, 5000 LE Tilburg, The NetherlandsDe Keen General Practice, Voorsteven 88, 4871 DX Etten‑Leur, The NetherlandsDepartment Policy and Research, Regional Public Health Service of West‑Brabant, 5003 DA Tilburg, The NetherlandsDepartment Policy and Research, Regional Public Health Service of West‑Brabant, 5003 DA Tilburg, The NetherlandsDepartment of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Tranzo Scientific Center for Care and Welfare, Tilburg University, 5000 LE Tilburg, The Netherlands20151020<p><strong>Background:</strong> Dehydration of elderly people living independently is a very important public health issue. This study compares two interventions to prevent dehydration in elderly people at risk: an educational intervention and an educational intervention in combination with a drink reminder device.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This is an experimental two‑armed parallel study. A Public Health Service develops the interventions and will be partnering with a general practice and a university to evaluate the effects. Two groups &ndash; all people aged 80 years and older, and people of 65 years and older who have cardiovascular disease &ndash; receive a letter from the general practice in which they are asked whether they want to participate in the study and if so to return the form. People who want to participate and whose daily fluid intake is insufficient are randomized to receive either the educational intervention or the educational intervention in combination with a drink reminder device. The participants are asked to fill in a questionnaire before the intervention, 6 weeks after the start of the intervention and 6 months after the start (or after the end) of the intervention. Changes between the two groups in fluid intake, knowledge, awareness of the risks of dehydration, and quality‑of‑life will be tested by Linear Mixed Model analyses.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> This study will improve the knowledge of the effectiveness of interventions designed to prevent dehydration in elderly people.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Dehydration, drink reminder device, elderly, fluid intake, study protocol</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1596http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1596/1886

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802132015102015951595ENDepartment of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI & Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USAMedicine and Health Promotion Institute, Tehran, & Universal Network for Health Information Dissemination and Exchange, Tehran, Iran20151020<p><strong>Background:</strong> Although obesity is expected to be associated with intention to reduce weight, this effect may be through perceived overweight. This study tested if perceived overweight mediates the association between actual obesity and intention to control weight in groups based on the intersection of race and gender. For this purpose, we compared Non‑Hispanic White men, Non‑Hispanic White women, African American men, African American women, Caribbean Black men, and Caribbean Black women.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> National Survey of American Life, 2001&ndash;2003 included 5,810 American adults (3516 African Americans, 1415 Caribbean Blacks, and 879 Non‑Hispanic Whites). Weight control intention was entered as the main outcome. In the first step, we fitted race/gender specific logistic regression models with the intention for weight control as outcome, body mass index as predictor and sociodemographics as covariates. In the next step, to test mediation, we added perceived weight to the model.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Obesity was positively associated with intention for weight control among all race &times; gender groups. Perceived overweight fully mediated the association between actual obesity and intention for weight control among Non‑Hispanic White women, African American men, and Caribbean Black men. The mediation was only partial for Non‑Hispanic White men, African American women, and Caribbean Black women.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The complex relation between actual weight, perceived weight, and weight control intentions depends on the intersection of race and gender. Perceived overweight plays a more salient role for Non‑Hispanic White women and Black men than White men and Black women. Weight loss programs may benefit from being tailored based on race and gender. This finding also sheds more light to the disproportionately high rate of obesity among Black women in US.</p><p><strong> Keywords:</strong> Blacks, gender, obesity, perceived overweight, race, weight control</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1595http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1595/1885

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802132015101315941594ENDepartment of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Laboratory, KLEF University, Guntur, Andhra PradeshDepartment of Biotechnology, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, UttarakhandDepartment of Biotechnology, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, UttarakhandDepartment of Biotechnology, Molecular Endocrinology Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, UttarakhandAnalytical R&D, Laxai Avanti Life Sciences Pvt. Ltd., Hyderabad, TelanganaR&D Center, Laila Neutraceuticals, Vijayawada, Andhra PradeshDepartment of Basic Sciences‑chemistry, Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science, Chittoor, Andhra PradeshDepartment of Biotechnology, Biomedical Research Laboratory, KLEF University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh20151013<p><strong>Background:</strong> Sophora belongs to the family of Fabaceae and the species in this genus are currently used as a folklore medicine for preventing a variety of ailments including cancer. Our aim was to identify and validate an anticancer compound from Sophora interrupta using multi‑spectroscopic, anticancer screening, and molecular docking approach.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> The cytotoxicity of the various solvent extracts, petroleum ether, n‑butanol, and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) of the S. interrupta root powder was evaluated in a breast cancer cell lines (MCF‑7). The extract that had anticancer activity was subjected to column chromatography based on the polarity of the solvents. The anticancer activity of the elution fractions was validated using a 3‑(4,5‑dimethylthiazol‑2‑yl)‑2,5‑diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The isolated metabolite fraction with anticancer activity was run through a C18 column isocratic and gradient high‑performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The structure of the isolated compound was characterized using 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR),13C‑NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and liquid chromatography‑mass spectrometer methods.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The crude EtAOc extract effectively inhibited the proliferation of MCF‑7 cells. The column eluted chloroform and EtOAc (4:6) fraction of the EtOAc extract showed significant anticancer activity in the MCF‑7 cells compared with normal mesenchymal stem cells. This fraction showed three major peaks in the HPLC chromatogram and the first major peak with a retention time (RT) of 7.153 was purified using preparative‑HPLC. The structure of the compound is a piceatannol, which is a metabolic product of resveratrol. Piceatannol formed direct two hydrogen bond interactions between Cys912 (2H), and Glu878 of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) with a glide‑score (G‑score) of &minus;10.193, and two hydrogen bond interactions between Cys919, and Asp1046 of VEGFR2, with a G‑score of &minus;8.359. The structure is similar to that of the crystallized protein for VEGFR1 and R2.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Piceatannol is a secondary metabolite of S. interrupta that has anticancer activity. Moreover, piceatannol has been isolated for the first time from S. interrupta.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Active fraction, cancer cell lines, characterization, phenol, piceatannol, Sophora interrupta roots</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1594http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1594/1884

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802132015101315921592ENSocial Determinant of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences & Department of Social Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, BabolStudent Research Committee, Babol University of Medical Sciences, BabolSocial Determinant of Health Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences & Department of Social Medicine, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol20151013<p><strong>Background:</strong> The aim of the present study is to assess the elementary schoolchildren&rsquo;s nutritional status based on anthropometric indices due to the sudden spread of obesity in children and adolescents in both developed and developing countries.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> This cross‑sectional study was conducted on 3647 children with an age range of 7&ndash;11 years of primary schools in Babol using cluster random sampling method in 2012. Children younger than 7 years or older than 11 years, children with chronic diseases, pupils treated with corticosteroids or growth hormone replacement therapy and children with chromosomal abnormalities were excluded from the study. Anthropometric indices were measured by medical students and evaluated according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention standard percentiles. Data were analyzed using statistical software SPSS version 18 with Chi‑square and independent samples t‑test.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The body mass index of 26.1% of children was greater than the 85th percentile, and 4.7% was less than the 5th&nbsp;percentile. The prevalence of obesity among boys was significantly higher than girls (P = 0.007). Moreover, urban children (P = 0.0001) and children who studied in private schools (P&nbsp;=&nbsp;0.0001) had a significantly higher proportion of obesity and overweight than the urban and private schoolstudents. The highest prevalence of obesity and overweight belonged to 18.0% of the students among fifth graders and 15.3% of schoolchildren among third graders, respectively (P &lt; 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The results showed that the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the study was higher. It seems it is necessary to implement the intervention programs to prevent overweight and obesity among schoolchildren.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Body mass index, obesity, overweight, schoolchildren</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1592http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1592/1882

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802132015101015911591ENNutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran & Department of Technology Assessments, Standard and Tariff for Health, Deputy for Health Care Affair, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, TehranNutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranNutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran & Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetic, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranNutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranNutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranEndocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranNutrition and Endocrine Research Center, Obesity Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20151010<p><strong>Background:</strong> As food insecurity has negative effects on health, the aim of this study was to determine the relationship between household food security and type 2 diabetes mellitus and its related risk factors.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> In this case‑control study, 200 individuals with and 200 individuals without type 2 diabetes mellitus, aged over 40 years, were randomly selected from among participants of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study. The questionnaire on household food security proposed by the United States Department of Agriculture was completed for them by trained personnel. Logistic regression was used to determine the variable that had the most significant relationship with food security status.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The average of food security score was 2.38 &plusmn; 2.0 in non‑diabetic and 2.25 &plusmn; 2.0 in diabetic individuals (P = 0.6). In both groups, the risk for food insecurity in women was more than in men. In the diabetic group, being single and having education levels below high school increased the risk of food insecurity. In the non‑diabetic group, the risk of food insecurity in obese individuals was 3.3 times higher than normal individuals (odds ratio = 2.1, 95% confidence interval: 1.2&ndash;4.1).</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> There were no significant differences in food security levels of diabetic and non‑diabetic groups. However, some risk factors of type 2 diabetes including sex, marital status, educational level, and obesity were associated with food insecurity.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Food security, obesity, Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, type 2 diabetes mellitus</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1591http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1591/1881

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802132015100615881588ENFood Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University Medical Sciences, IsfahanEndocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University Medical Sciences, IsfahanFood Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University Medical Sciences, IsfahanFood Security Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University Medical Sciences, Isfahan20151006<p><strong>Background:</strong> This study was designed to examine the effects of purslane seeds on biomarkers of oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic patients.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> This cross‑over randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 40 patients with type 2 diabetes. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either 10 g/day purslane seeds with 240 cc low‑fat yogurt (intervention group) or only 240 cc low‑fat yogurt (as a control group) for 5 weeks. After a 2‑week washout period, subjects were moved to the alternate arm for an additional 5 weeks. At baseline and end of each study phase, fasting blood samples were collected to quantify biomarkers of oxidative stress.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>We observed a slight decrease in plasma total antioxidant capacity in both groups, however, between‑group changes were not significant (&minus;2.67 vs. &minus;2.95 &micro;g/dL, P = 0.94). Plasma malondialdehyde in purslane group increased slightly, however, we observed no significant effect in the control group (1.62 vs. &minus;0.47 &micro;g/dL, P = 0.58). Although both groups had a slight reduction in plasma oxidized low‑density lipoprotein (ox‑LDL), we failed to find any significant effect of purslane on plasma ox‑LDL (&minus;1.06 vs. &minus;1.71 &micro;g/dL, P = 0.85).</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> This cross‑over clinical trial revealed that consumption of purslane seeds for 5 weeks in type 2 diabetic patients did not result in improved oxidative stress.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Diabetes, medicinal plant, oxidative stress, purslane</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1588http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1588/1878

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802132015100615861586ENDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Internal Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Breast Cancer Research Group, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20151006<p><strong>Background:</strong> Prognostic tools are widely used in the practice of Oncology and have beendeveloped to help stratify patients into specific risk‑related grouping. We sought to apply of two such tools used for patients with early‑stage breast cancer and to correlate them with actual outcomes.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> A retrospective study was designed to include early‑stage breast cancer cases seen from 1994 to 2014 at the Seyedoshohada Hospital in Isfahan, Iran. Information was derived from the patients&rsquo; records, and indices were derived from prognostic tools. Information was analyzed using descriptive statistics and one sample t‑test.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> In 233 patients, the difference between the predicted overall survival (OS) by the Adjuvant Online (AO) prognosis tools (69.28) and the observed OS (71.2) was not statistically significant (P = 0.52), and the AO prognosis tools had predicted the patients&rsquo; OS correctly. In the Nottingham prognosis index (NPI), this difference in all groups except the very poor prognosis group was not statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Adjuvant Online prognosis tools were capable of predicting the 10‑year OS rate although not in all of the subgroups. The NPI was capable of distinguishing good, moderate, and poor survival rates, but this ability was not visible in more specific groups with moderate and poor prognosis.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Early‑stage breast cancer, Nottingham prognostic index, prognostic tools</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1586http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1586/1876

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802132015101015901590ENDepartment of Epidemiology, Modeling of Noncommunicable Diseases Research Center, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, HamadanClinical Governance Center, Vice-chancellery for Treatment, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, HamadanClinical Governance Center, Vice-chancellery for Treatment, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan20151010<p><strong>Background:</strong> This study was conducted to explore the prevalence of medical error underreporting and associated barriers.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> This cross-sectional study was performed from September to December 2012. Five hospitals, affiliated with Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, in Hamedan,Iran were investigated. A self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. Participants consisted of physicians, nurses, midwives, residents, interns, and staffs of radiology and laboratory departments.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Overall, 50.26% of subjects had committed but not reported medical errors. The main reasons mentioned for underreporting were lack of effective medical error reporting system (60.0%), lack of proper reporting form (51.8%), lack of peer supporting a person who has committed an error (56.0%), and lack of personal attention to the importance of medical errors (62.9%). The rate of committing medical errors was higher in men (71.4%), age of 50&ndash;40 years (67.6%), less-experienced personnel (58.7%), educational level of MSc (87.5%), and staff of radiology department (88.9%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> This study outlined the main barriers to reporting medical errors and associated factors that may be helpful for healthcare organizations in improving medical error reporting as an essential component for patient safety enhancement.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Iran, medical error, patient safety, reporting system</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1590http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1590/1880

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802132015100615891589ENDepartment of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Ammapettai, Chennai, Tamil NaduDepartment of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Ammapettai, Chennai, Tamil NaduDepartment of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Ammapettai, Chennai, Tamil Nadu20151006---http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1589http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1589/1879

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802132015100615871587ENDepartment of Nephrology, Division of Nephropathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanMedical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord20151006----http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1587http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1587/1877