International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021420151121Infant Hearing Screening in India: Current Status and Way Forward16061606ENDepartment of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College, New DelhiDepartment of Community Medicine, College of Medicine and JNM Hospital, Kalyani, West BengalProgramme Officer, Society for Sound Hearing, Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi20151121<p>Loss or impairment of auditory sense is the most prevalent deficit of all the sensory organs. With virtually no mortality, hearing impairment causes huge impact on one’s social, educational and economic well-being. There are 5-6 infants who are hard of hearing out of 1000 neonates. They will not be identified till they attain 2 or more years of age, by then irreversible damage would have been done. Universal screening for hearing of new-borns is the only way to decrease the burden of deafness in our society. There are tools available which can be administered by health workers after initial training for screening the infants for hearing impairment. Under the aegis of National Programme for Prevention and Control of Deafness (NPPCD) of India universal screening can and should be applied. The programme would entail additional financial burden for the initial purchase of screening machines and rehabilitating the identified children.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Deafness, hearing, impairment, India, new-born, universal screening</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1606http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1606/1896International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021420151108Cell- and Gene- Based Therapeutics for Periodontal Regeneration16031603ENDepartment of Periodontology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Karad, MaharashtraDepartment of Periodontology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Karad, MaharashtraDepartment of Orthodontics, Maratha Mandal Dental College, Belgaum, KarnatakaDepartment of Periodontology, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Karad, MaharashtraDepartment of Prosthodontics, A.C.P.M. Dental College, Dhule, Maharashtra,20151108<p>Periodontitis is a disease of the periodontium, characterized by loss of connective tissue attachment and supporting the alveolar bone. Therefore, to regenerate these lost tissues of the periodontium researchers have included a variety of surgical procedures including grafting materials growth factors and the use of barrier membranes, ultimately resulting into regeneration that is biologically possible but clinically unpredictable. Recently a newer approach of delivering DNA plasmids as therapeutic agents is gaining special attention and is called gene delivery method. Gene therapy being considered a novel approach have a potential to channel their signals in a very systematic and controlled manner thereby providing encoded proteins at all stages of tissue regeneration. The aim of this review was to enlighten a view on the application involving gene delivery and tissue engineering in periodontal regeneration.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Gene, growth factors, periodontal regeneration, stem cells, tissue engineering, vectors</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1603http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1603/1893International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021420151108On the Occasion of World Cancer Day 2015; the Possibility of Cancer Prevention or Treatment with Antioxidants: The Ongoing Cancer Prevention Researches16011601ENMedical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, ShahrekordDepartment of Nephrology, Division of Nephropathology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20151108<p>On February, 2014 World Cancer Day (WCD) was established to raise alertness of cancer and to encourage its prevention, detection, and treatment. In fact, WCD is celebrated every year on the 4th of February all over the world to commemorate all the accomplishments of the WHO. In this paper, we aimed to present the scientific evidence for the role of antioxidants in cancer. Damage to cells by reactive oxygen species, especially the damage to DNA, has been found to play a crucial role in the development of cancer. Exogenous antioxidants can prevent free radical damage associated with cancer development. However, whether or not taking dietary antioxidants can prevent or reduce the risk of developing cancer in humans is not clear. Some researchers have suggested that antioxidants counteract with drugs or toxins, which induce oxidative stress and hence prevent damage to cells or body organs.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Antioxidant, cancer, herbs</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1601http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1601/1891International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021420151205Perceived Neighborhood Safety During Adolescence Predicts Subsequent Deterioration of Subjective Health Two Decades Later; Gender Differences in a Racially-Diverse Sample16101610ENDepartment of Psychiatry, and School of Medicine, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA, &
Center for Research on Ethnicity,
Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109‑2029Department of Psychiatry, and School of Medicine, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA, &
Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109‑2029Prevention Research Center, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109‑2029, USA, & Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-202920151205<p><strong>Background: </strong>Current study aimed to investigate whether perceived neighborhood as unsafe during adolescence predicts the subsequent perceived health two decades later.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> In a prospective study of an ethnically diverse urban sample (83.2% Black), conducted from 1994 to 2012, 851 adolescents were enrolled at 9th grade. Three hundred and seventy‑eight participants were followed from 9th grade for 18 years. The outcome was subjective health (feeling as healthy as other people of the same age) measured at baseline (mean age 15 years) and end of follow‑up (mean age 33 years). The independent variable was neighborhood perceived as unsafe measured at 9th grade. Baseline age, family structure, and parental employment were control variables. We ran logistic regressions in the pooled sample and also specific to each gender.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Perceived neighborhood as unsafe at 9th grade predicted deterioration of subjective health over the next 18 years (unadjusted odds ratio = 1.742, 95% confidence interval = 1.042–2.911). This association remained significant in a multivariable model that controlled for baseline subjective health, family structure, and parental employment. The association between perceived neighborhood safety at 9th grade and subsequent deterioration of perceived health during the next 12 years was significant for females but not males.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Our findings suggest that perception of unsafe neighborhoods during adolescence has negative consequences years later for the health of females. Further research is needed to replicate the findings using objective measures of health.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Adolescence, adults, life course, neighbourhood, subjective health</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1610http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1610/1898International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021420151205Relationship of Environmental, Physiological, and Perceptual Heat Stress Indices in Iranian Men16091609ENDepartment of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Engineering Occupational
Health, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20151205<p><strong>Background:</strong> Heat stress is a known occupational hazard, which cause reduced exercise capacity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship among environmental, physiological, and perceptual heat stress indices in Iranian men.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> This analytical study was carried out on 24 healthy men (age 23.34 ± 1.64 years) with normal body weight (body mass indices 21–25 kg/m2 ) in low workload for 120 min under hot climates (22–32°C, 40% relative humidity). Physiological strain index (PSI), wet‑bulb globe temperature (WBGT), oral temperature, heart rate (HR), and heat strain score index (HSSI) questionnaires were simultaneous measurements taken at any 5 min during the exposure and resting state the initial measurements.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The results showed that the range of WBGT index was 20.47–31.40°C. Significant correlation were found among WBGT and HSSI (r = 0.995), PSI (r = 0.990), oral temperature (r = 0.991), and HR (r = 0.972) indices. Also, significant correlation were found among HSSI and oral temperature (r = 0.983), HR (r = 0.978), and PSI (r = 0.987).</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The results have shown that simultaneous with the increase in valid indices of heat stress such as WBGT and PSI indices, the amount of HSSI has also increased with high power. Therefore, when there is no access to a reliable heat stress method such as WBGT, or PSI indices, HSSI, an observative and subjective heat strain method, can be used as a simple, fast in least 5 min, and inexpensive for evaluating the heat strain in Iranian men.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Heat strain score index, physiological strain index, wet‑bulb globe temperature</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1609http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1609/1899International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021420151205The Effect of an Educational Program Based on Health Belief Model on Preventing Osteoporosis in Women16081608ENDepartment of Public Health, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, FasaDepartment of Health Education and Health Promotion, Faculty of Medical Sciences,
Tarbiat Modares University, TehranDepartment of Health Education and Health Promotion, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ShirazDepartment of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, TehranDepartment of Orthopedy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz20151205<p><strong>Background:</strong> Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disease. The study’s objective is to investigate the effect of an educational program based on Health Belief Model (HBM) on preventing osteoporosis in women.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> In this quasi‑experimental study, 120 patients (60 experimental and 60 control) who were registered under the health centers in Fasa City, Fars Province, Iran, were selected in 2014. A questionnaire consisting of demographic information, HBM constructs was used to measure nutrition and walking performance for the prevention of osteoporosis before, immediately after intervention, and 6 months later. Bone mineral density (BMD) was recorded at the lumbar spine and femur before and 6 months after intervention.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The mean age of women participated in the study was 41.75 ± 5.4 years for the experimental group, and 41.77 ± 5.43 years for the control group. The mean body mass index was 22.44 ± 3.30 for the experimental group and 22.27 ± 3.05 for the control group. The average number of women deliveries for the experimental group was 2.57 ± 1.47 and 2.50 ± 1.19 for the control group. There is no significant difference between the two groups in education level (P = 0.771), marital status (P = 0.880), occupation (P = 0.673), breastfeeding (P = 0.769), smoking (P = 0.315), history of osteoporosis in the family (P = 0.378), history of special diseases (P = 0.769), and records of bone densitometry (P = 0.543). Immediately and 6 months after intervention, the experimental group showed a significant increase in the knowledge, perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits, perceived barriers, self‑efficacy, internal cues to action, nutrition, and walking performance compared to the control group. Six months after intervention, the value of lumbar spine BMD T‑score in the experimental group increased to 0.127, while in the control group it reduced to −0.043. The value of the hip BMD T‑score in the intervention group increased to 0.125, but it decreased to −0.028 in the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study showed the effectiveness of knowledge, walking, and diet on bone mass by HBM. Hence, these models can act as a framework for designing and implementing educational interventions for the osteoporosis prevention.</p><p><strong>Keywords: </strong>Health Belief Model, nutritional status, walking</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1608http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1608/1900International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021420151121Predictive Factors of Hospital Mortality Due to Myocardial Infarction: A Multilevel Analysis of Iran’s National Data16051605ENDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Center for Modeling of Non Communicable Disease, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, ShahrekordDepartment of Epidemiology, Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Epidemiology, Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Epidemiology, Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Community Medicine, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation
Sciences, TehranDepartment of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord20151121<p><strong>Background:</strong> Regarding failure to establish the statistical presuppositions for analysis of the data by conventional approaches, hierarchical structure of the data as well as the effect of higher‑level variables, this study was conducted to determine the factors independently associated with hospital mortality due to myocardial infarction (MI) in Iran using a multilevel analysis.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> This study was a national, hospital‑based, and cross‑sectional study. In this study, the data of 20750 new MI patients between April, 2012 and March, 2013 in Iran were used. The hospital mortality due to MI was considered as the dependent variable. The demographic data, clinical and behavioral risk factors at the individual level and environmental data were gathered. Multilevel logistic regression models with Stata software were used to analyze the data.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Within 1‑year of study, the frequency (%) of hospital mortality within 30 days of admission was derived 2511 (12.1%) patients. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) of mortality with (95% confidence interval [CI]) was derived 2.07 (95% CI: 1.5–2.8) for right bundle branch block, 1.5 (95% CI: 1.3–1.7) for ST‑segment elevation MI, 1.3 (95% CI: 1.1–1.4) for female gender, and 1.2 (95% CI: 1.1–1.3) for humidity, all of which were considered as risk factors of mortality. But, OR of mortality was 0.7 for precipitation (95% CI: 0.7–0.8) and 0.5 for angioplasty (95% CI: 0.4–0.6) were considered as protective factors of mortality.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Individual risk factors had independent effects on the hospital mortality due to MI. Variables in the province level had no significant effect on the outcome of MI. Increasing access and quality to treatment could reduce the mortality due to MI.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Mortality, multilevel analysis, myocardial infarction</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1605http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1605/1895International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021420151117Association between Aluminum and Silicon Concentrations in Isfahan Drinking Water and Their Health Risk Assessments16041604ENDepartment of Environmental Health Engineering, Student Research Center, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Environmental Health Engineering, Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University
of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, KhorramabadDepartment of Environmental Health Engineering, Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non Communicable Disease, Isfahan University
of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20151117<p><strong>Background: </strong>High concentrations of elements such as aluminum (Al) and silicon (Si) in drinking water can affect human health. It is suggested that high daily intake of Al is associated with increased risk of neurodegenerative disorders. Si, as an antidote of Al, may decrease Al bioavailability. The study was conducted to estimate Al and Si concentration and correlation in water and evaluate their health risk.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> In this cross‑sectional study, water samples were collected from 20 points of water distribution system and the water treatment plant of Isfahan in spring and summer. Samples were analyzed using DR‑5000. The health risk was evaluated via calculating chronic daily intake (CDI) and hazard index (HI).</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Significant negative correlation was documented between Al and Si (R = −0.482, P = 0.037 in spring, and R = −0.452, P = 0.049 in summer). These values were approximately similar in all types of Al and Si. The amounts of CDI for Al in spring and summer were 6.67E‑04 and 0.002 mg/kg/day, respectively. The Al HI values were below 1 in both seasons.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The significant correlation between Al and Si concentrations suggests that Si can eliminate Al in water, and probably it might do the same in the body. The health risk of Al intake from tap water was negligible, it was assessed in an acceptable range with an HI value of less than the standard levels. The health risk of Si remained unknown due to lack of information regarding its toxicity and adverse health effects.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Aluminum, chronic daily intake, correlation, hazard index, silicon</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1604http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1604/1894International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021420151108Randomized Trial of Psychological Interventions to Preventing Postpartum Depression among Iranian First-time Mothers16021602ENBehavioral Sciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Tehran University, TehranDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Tehran University, TehranDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Education, Tehran University, TehranDepartment of Midwifery, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan20151108<p><strong>Background:</strong> The current study was conducted to examine the effect of cognitive behavior therapy on the reduction postpartum mood disorder and increasing the self‑esteem of at‑risk Iranian mothers.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> In this quasi‑experimental study, 135 at‑risk mothers were selected from the population by means of cluster sampling and randomly assigned into one of two groups: Intervention (n = 64), or control (n = 71). The control group received usual medical care, and the intervention group received an eight sessions’ cognitive behavior program during pregnancy. Assessments were administered at two time points (pretest at the beginning of the third trimester and posttest at 2 weeks postpartum). Beck anxiety, beck depression, Edinburgh postpartum depression, (PPD) Coopersmith self‑esteem, and religious attitude questionnaire were used to collect data.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The mean age of participants was 25.8 ± 3.7 years. One‑third of them had either bachelor or higher degrees in education (33%). About two‑third of participants were unemployment with similar distribution in both the groups (intervention = 80%, control = 83%). The majority (70%) of the participants had cesarean section deliveries. There were no statistically significant differences respects to sociodemographic characteristics between the control and intervention groups (P > 0.05). The multivariate analysis of covariance results showed that the average scores of PPD were reduced significantly in the intervention group (P < 0.001). Also while the mean score of anxiety in the intervention group decreased from 23.31 (standard error [SE] =12.11) to 16.64 (SE = 8.33) and self‑esteem increased from 29.09 (SE = 3.51) to 31.81 (SE = 2.76), no change was statistically significant in comparison to the control group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> According to the findings of the present study, cognitive behavior intervention is effective in reducing PPD in at‑risk mothers.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Anxiety, cognitive behavior intervention, postpartum depression</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1602http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1602/1892International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021420151107Mortality Attributable to Excess Body Mass Index in Iran: Implementation of the Comparative Risk Assessment Methodology16001600ENNon‑communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran & Endocrinology
and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran &Development of Research and Technology Center, Deputy of Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, TehranNon‑communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran & Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranNon‑communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran & Endocrinology
and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran &Development of Research and Technology Center, Deputy of Research and Technology, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, TehranNon‑communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranNon‑communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran & Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranNon‑communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran & Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, HamadanNon‑communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran & Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranNon‑communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranEndocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranNon‑communicable Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20151107<div><strong>Background:</strong>The prevalence of obesity continues to rise worldwide with alarming rates in most of the world countries. Our aim was to compare the mortality of fatal disease attributable to excess body mass index (BMI) in Iran in 2005 and 2011.</div><div><strong>Methods: </strong>Using standards implementation comparative risk assessment methodology, we estimated mortality attributable to excess BMI in Iranian adults of 25–65 years old, at the national and sub‑national levels for 9 attributable outcomes including; ischemic heart diseases (IHDs), stroke, hypertensive heart diseases, diabetes mellitus (DM), colon cancer, cancer of the body of the uterus, breast cancer, kidney cancer, and pancreatic cancer.</div><div><strong>Results: </strong>In 2011, in adults of 25–65 years old, at the national level, excess BMI was responsible for 39.5% of total deaths that were attributed to 9 BMI paired outcomes. From them, 55.0% were males. The highest mortality was attributed to IHD (55.7%) which was followed by stroke (19.3%),</div><div>and DM (12.0%). Based on the population attributed fractions estimations of 2011, except for colon cancer, the remaining 6 common outcomes were higher for women than men.</div><div><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Despite the priority of the problem, there is currently no comprehensive program to prevention or control obesity in Iran. The present results show a growing need to comprehensive implications for national and sub‑national health policies and interventional programs in Iran.</div><div><strong>Keywords:</strong> Body mass index, burden, mortality, obesity, population attributed fraction</div>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1600http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1600/1890International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021420151107Health Workers Adjustment for Elimination of Malaria in a Low Endemic Area15981598ENDepartment of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Medical Entomology
and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public
Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Communicable Diseases, Hormozgan Province Health Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar AbassDepartment of Health Education and Promotion, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20151107<div><strong>Background:</strong>Malaria elimination efforts face with substantial challenges and the role of health workers in address this challenge, particularly advocates and mobilizes communities. The aim of the study was to explore perceptions of health workers in relation to eliminating malaria in order to better understand the level their involvement in malaria elimination efforts. A qualitative approach was adopted based on key informant interviews with 26 health workers who working</div><div>at community‑level in malaria low endemic areas, southern Iran.</div><div><strong>Methods: </strong>Data were collected through key informant interviews. Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis.</div><div><strong>Results:</strong> Findings reveal that the majority of participants concerned with the imported malaria cases, without to address an effective solution to the issue. Health workers had positive perceptions on their basic knowledge and opinions in relation to their field work with emphases to integrate methods. Participants expressed willingness to contribute to malaria elimination effort. They also emphasized on continuous training, resource mobilization, and support. In addition, their</div><div>perceptions on malaria elimination policy such as sustained financial investment to achieve elimination and integrated management of vector control were rather negative.</div><div><strong>Conclusions: </strong>A mechanism should be considered that allow the health workers to feedback positively on their quality of their practice to health providers.</div><div><strong>Keywords: </strong>Health worker, individual adjustment, Iran, malaria elimination, qualitative</div>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1598http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1598/1888International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021420151107Effect of Vitamin E on Oxaliplatin‑induced Peripheral Neuropathy Prevention: A Randomized Controlled Trial15971597ENDepartment of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20151107<div><strong>Background:</strong>Peripheral neuropathy is one of the most important limitations of oxaliplatin base regimen, which is the standard for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Evidence has shown that Vitamin E may be protective in chemotherapy‑induced peripheral neuropathy. The aim of this</div><div>study is to evaluate the effect of Vitamin E administration on prevention of oxaliplatin‑induced peripheral neuropathy in patients with colorectal cancer.</div><div><strong>Methods:</strong> This was a prospective randomized, controlled clinical trial. Patients with colorectal cancer and scheduled to receive oxaliplatin‑based regimens were enrolled in this study. Enrolled patients were randomized into two groups. The first group received Vitamin E at a dose of 400</div><div>mg daily and the second group observed, until after the sixth course of the oxaliplatin regimen. For oxaliplatin‑induced peripheral neuropathy assessment, we used the symptom experience diary questionnaire that completed at baseline and after the sixth course of chemotherapy. Only patients with a score of zero at baseline were eligible for this study.</div><div><strong>Results:</strong> Thirty‑two patients were randomized to the Vitamin E group and 33 to the control group. There was no difference in the mean peripheral neuropathy score changes</div><div>(after−before) between two groups, after sixth course of the oxaliplatin base regimen (mean difference [after − before] of Vitamin E group= 6.37 ± 2.85, control group= 6.57 ± 2.94; P = 0.78). Peripheral neuropathy scores were significantly increased after intervention compared with a base line in each group (P < 0.001).</div><div><strong>Conclusions:</strong>The results from this current trial demonstrate a lack of benefit for Vitamin E in preventing oxaliplatin‑induced peripheral neuropathy.</div><div><strong>Keywords:</strong> Colorectal neoplasms, oxaliplatin, peripheral nervous system diseases, Vitamin E</div>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1597http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1597/1887International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021420151107Exploring the Role of the Public and Private Funded Primary Health Care Facilities for Children in a Pluralistic Health Care Setting of Barbados: One of the English Caribbean Countries15991599ENFaculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies and the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, BarbadosFaculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies and the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, BarbadosFaculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies and the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, BarbadosFaculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies and the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Barbados20151107<div class="textLayer"><div><strong>Background</strong>: The major objectives of this study were to evaluate the existing primary health care service provisions in the public and private sector and utilization of the services, and to assess the existing manpower and material resources.</div><div></div><div><strong>Methods:</strong> Data were collected through interviews with the primary health care providers. Data were also collected from the records maintained at the polyclinics and the Ministry of Health Statistics. An analysis and discussion of all the available data was conducted to develop a comprehensive</div><div>primary health care service utilization and resources inventory at the polyclinics. Similar data were collected from the primary care providers in the private sector.</div><div></div><div><strong>Results:</strong> In the public sector, there are 8 polyclinics that provide primary health care to the children. All the polyclinics have immunization services and curative acute care. Some of the polyclinics have a range of services, including dental care, eye care, and rehabilitative care services that common to both adults and children. In the private sector, primary health care is delivered through the 76 private office and of the individual physicians and 11 grouped private practices. All of the private offices and group practices have curative acute care for children and some of the offices have immunization services. Over all 87.5% of all the immunizations were done at the polyclinics. Over all 60.1% of acute care visits were to the private sector and 39.9% to the public sector. In the public sector, 59.5% were under 5 years children while 40.5% were</div><div>5 years or older. The corresponding figures in the private care settings were 80.9% and 11.9%.</div><div></div><div><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The findings demonstrate the complimentary role of the public and the private sector in the primary health care of children in this country. While the private sector has a major role in the curative acute care of children, the public sector plays a pivotal role in the immunization services.</div><div></div><div><strong>Key words:</strong> Children, pluralistic health care setting, primary health care</div></div>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1599http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1599/1889International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-78021420151121The Potential for HIV Self‑testing in Iran16071607ENDepartment of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, TehranDepartment of Virology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, AND Regional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, KermanRegional Knowledge Hub, and WHO Collaborating Centre for HIV Surveillance, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, AND Research Center for Modeling in Health, Institute for Futures Studies in Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman20151121--http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1607http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1607/1897