International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802002016062517111711ENDepartment of Community Medicine, Pt. B. D. Sharma PGIMS, Rohtak, HaryanaDepartment of Community Medicine, SHKM Government Medical College, Nalhar, HaryanaDepartment of Pediatrics, LHMC, New Delhi20160625----http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1711http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1711/2002

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802002016061217051705ENDepartment of Community Medicine, Government Medical College, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir1Center for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Laboratory of Bacterial Genetics, Hyderabad, Telangana20160612---http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1705http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1705/1996

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802002016062517121712ENDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, KashanDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, KashanDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, KashanDepartment of Midwifery, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, KashanDepartment of Biostatistics and Public Health, Faculty of Health, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan20160625<p><strong>Background:</strong> Untreated or poorly controlled gestational diabetes can cause serious complications for mother and newborn. Glibenclamide is rarely used in treating mothers with this disease. This study aimed at comparing the effect of glibenclamide and insulin on neonatal outcomes in women<br />with gestational diabetes mellitus.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 249 pregnant women aged 18&ndash;45 years within the 11th&ndash;33rd weeks of gestation with gestational diabetes, single fetus pregnancy, and in need of hyperglycemia treatment were entered and grouped randomly as either glibenclamide or insulin. In the insulin group (n = 129), insulin was administered with an initial dose of 0.2 IU/kg subcutaneously twice per day, whereas in the glibenclamide group (n = 120), 1.25 mg oral glibenclamide was administered once daily and increased if needed.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The results showed no significant difference in means age, gestational age, and body mass index between women in the two groups. In addition, there were no significant differences<br />in the frequency of neonatal hypoglycemia, anomaly, hyperbilirubinemia, admission in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), and neonatal respiratory distress between two groups. Macrosomia was lower in the glibenclamide group than the insulin group (3.3% vs. 13.2%, respectively,<br />P = 0.005). Regression logistics model results showed that the type of treatment (odds ratio [OR]: 4.62; confidence interval [CI]: 1.45&ndash;14.02; P = 0.01) and gestational age at delivery<br />(OR: 1.41; CI: 1.04&ndash;1.74; P = 0.01) were as predictor factors of macrosomia.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The results of this study revealed that glibenclamide is able to reduce the risk of fetal macrosomia without increasing neonatal anomalies, jaundice, hypocalcemia, infant respiratory distress, and NICU admission.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Gestational diabetes, glibenclamide, insulin</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1712http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1712/2003

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802002016062217101710ENDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, HamadanSocial Determinants in Health Promotion Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar AbbasDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, HamadanSocial Determinants of Health Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical SciencesSocial Development and Health Promotion Research Center, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, GonabadDepartment of Operating Room, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan20160622<p><strong>Background:</strong> Describing trend in tuberculosis (TB) over time can play an important role to assess the disease control strategies and predict the future morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine the incidence trend of smear‑positive pulmonary tuberculosis (SPPT) in sub‑age and sex groups during the years of 1995&ndash;2012.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: This retrospective cohort study was performed in 2015 by using the dataset regarding National Statistics of SPPT reported by World Health Organization during 1995&ndash;2012. Annual percent changes (APCs) and average annual percent changes (AAPCs) were estimated to determine the summery statistics of trend using segmented regression model.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: During 1995&ndash;2012, there were 96,579 SPPT case notifications in Iran (male to female ratio: 0.99). There was only one change point in 1997 for SPPT incidence in subgroups of age<br />and sex during 1995&ndash;2012. The AAPCs for both genders and also all three age groups had a significant descending trend during the time period (P &lt; 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Our results showed a downward trend in the SPPT incidence. It seems that to achieve the set goals and high successful in TB control program especially reduction in SPPT,<br />pay more attention to old age and males should be considered. In addition, improvement of clinical<br />and medical care services and notification processes would be imperative.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Annual percent change, Iran, segmented regression, tuberculosis</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1710http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1710/2001

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802002016062217091709ENDepartment of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al‑Mustansiriya University, BaghdadDepartment of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Medicine, College of Medicine, Al‑Mustansiriya University, Baghdad20160622<p><strong>Background:</strong> Daunorubicin‑induced acute cardiotoxicity caused by oxidative stress and free radical formation. Pomegranate possessed a significant in vitro free radical scavenging<br />activity. Therefore, the aim of this study was estimations of the role of pomegranate effects in daunorubicin‑induced cardiotoxicity.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> A total of 21 Sprague male rats were allocated into three groups, seven animals in each group. Group A: Control group received distilled water. Group B: Treated group with daunorubicin 20 mg/kg via intraperitoneal injection daily for the 12th day for total cumulative dose of 240 mg/kg. Group C: Pretreatment group with pomegranate 25 mg/kg for 6 days orally, then daunorubicin 20 mg/kg administrated concomitantly for the next 6 days with a cumulative dose of 120 mg/kg.<br />Cardiac troponin I ([cTn I] pg/ml), malondialdehyde (MDA) (ng/ml), interleukin 17 (IL‑17 pg/ml), and cardiac lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (pm/ml), all these biomarkers were used to measure the severity of cardiotoxicity.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Daunorubicin at a dose of 20 mg/kg lead to pronounced cardiac damage that reflected on through elevations of serum cTn and serum LDH levels significantly P &lt; 0.01, it induced lipid<br />peroxidation during cardiotoxicity that reflected through an elevation in the serum MDA significantly P &lt; 0.01, moreover, daunorubicin induces pro‑inflammatory changes in cardiotoxicity; it raises the IL‑17 serum level significantly P &lt; 0.01 as compared with control. Pomegranate pretreatment demonstrated a significant cardioprotection from daunorubicin‑induced cardiotoxicity; it attenuated the cardiac damage through reduction of cTn, LDH, MDA, and serum IL‑17 level significantly<br />P &lt; 0.01 as compared with daunorubicin‑treated group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Pomegranate demonstrated significant cardioprotection in daunorubicin‑induced cardiotoxicity through reduction of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, pro‑inflammatory, and cardiac injury biomarkers.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Cardiotoxicity, daunorubicin, pomegranate</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1709http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1709/1999

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802002016062217071707ENSchool of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke & Research Centre on Aging, Eastern Townships Integrated University Centre for Health and Social Services - Sherbrooke Hospital University Centre (CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS), Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 4C4Department Public Health, CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1J 1B1School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke & Research Centre on Aging, Eastern Townships Integrated University Centre for Health and Social Services - Sherbrooke Hospital University Centre (CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS), Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 4C4School of Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke & Research Centre on Aging, Eastern Townships Integrated University Centre for Health and Social Services - Sherbrooke Hospital University Centre (CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS), Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 4C44CIUSSS de l'Estrie-CHUS, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 4C4Réseau de transport de Longueuil, Longueuil, Quebec, J4G 2M4Centre d'études de l'Asie de l'est, Faculté des Arts et des Sciences, Université de Montréal, Pavillon 3744, rue Jean-Brillant, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7Sherbrooke Healthy City Inc., Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5H9Etienne-LeBel Clinical Research Centre, CHUS, & Department of Emergency and Family Medicine, Université de Sherbrooke, PRIMUS Research Group, Sherbrooke, Quebec, J1H 5N420160622<p><strong>Background:</strong> As key determinants of many favorable health and quality of life outcomes, it is important to identify factors associated with mobility and social participation. Although several<br />investigations have been carried out on mobility, social participation and neighborhood environment, there is no clear integration of these results. This paper presents a scoping study protocol that aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how the physical and social neighborhood environment is associated with or influences mobility and social participation in older adults.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> The rigorous methodological framework for scoping studies is used to synthesize and disseminate current knowledge on the associations or influence of the neighborhood environment on mobility and social participation in aging. Nine databases from public health and other fields are searched with 51 predetermined keywords. Using content analysis, all data are exhaustively analyzed, organized, and synthesized independently by two research assistants.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> A comprehensive synthesis of empirical studies provides decision‑makers, clinicians and researchers with current knowledge and best practices regarding neighborhood environments with a view to enhancing mobility and social participation. Such a synthesis represents an original contribution and can ultimately support decisions and development of innovative interventions and clear guidelines for the creation of age‑supportive environments. Improvements in public health<br />and clinical interventions might be the new innovation needed to foster health and quality of life for aging population. Finally, the aspects of the associations or influence of the neighborhood<br />environment on mobility and social participation not covered by previous research are identified.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Among factors that impact mobility and social participation, the neighborhood environment is important since interventions targeting it may have a greater impact on an<br />individual&rsquo;s mobility and social participation than those targeting individual factors. Although investigations from various domains have been carried out on this topic, no clear integration of<br />these results is available yet.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Mobility, neighborhood environment, older adults, quality of life, scoping study, social participation</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1707http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1707/2000

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802002016061217061706ENDepartment of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala LumpurDepartment of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala LumpurDepartment of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala LumpurDepartment of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala LumpurDepartment of Community Medicine, International Medical School, Management and Science University, Selangor20160612<p><strong>Background:</strong> Waist circumference (WC) is an accurate and simple measure of abdominal obesity as compared to waist&ndash;hip ratio (WHR). The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between body mass index (BMI) with WC and WHR and suggest cutoff points for WC among Rural Malaysian adults.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross‑sectional study was conducted among 669 respondents from three villages in Tanjung Karang, located in the district of Kuala Selangor. Data collection was carried out by<br />guided questionnaires and anthropometric measures.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The prevalence of abdominal obesity for BMI was almost similar for both gender across Caucasian and Asian BMI cutoff points. Based on Caucasian cutoff points, the prevalence of abdominal obesity for WC was 23.8% (male) and 66.4% (female) while for WHR was 6.2% (male) and 54.2% (female). Asian cutoff points gave higher prevalence of abdominal obesity compared to that of WC among male respondents and WHR for both genders. WC showed strong and positive correlation with BMI compared to WHR (in male WC r = 0.78, WHR r = 0.24 and in female WC r = 0.72, WHR r = 0.19; P &lt; 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis suggested WC cutoff points of 92.5 cm in men and 85.5 cm in women is the optimal number for detection of abdominal obesity.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: WC is the best indicator as compared with WHR for abdominal obesity for<br />Malaysian adults.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Abdominal obesity, adults, body mass index, waist circumference, waist‑to‑hip ratio</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1706http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1706/1997

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802002016061217041704ENKey State Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, BeijingCardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, MashhadBiotechnology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, MashhadUniversity of Chinese Academy of Sciences, BeijingCardiovascular Research Center, Faculty of Medicine & Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, MashhadDivision of Medical Education, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, University of Brighton, BN1 9PH20160612<p><strong>Background</strong>: Hydroxymethylglutaryl‑coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) are antihyperlipidemic drugs with an established efficacy in stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques and preventing atherogenesis and reducing cardiovascular events. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of simvastatin on serum Vitamin D status in dyslipidemic patients as Vitamin D status has an impact on monocyte/macrophage function and may also contribute to cardiovascular risk.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> Selected individuals (n = 102) were treated with simvastatin (40 mg/day), or matching placebo in a randomized, double‑blind, placebo‑controlled, crossover trial. Each treatment<br />period (with simvastatin or placebo) lasted for 30 days and was separated by a 2‑week washout phase. Serum Vitamin D concentration was assessed pre‑ and post‑treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Seventy‑seven completed the trial, noncompliance with the study protocol and drug intolerance or relocation were the causes for drop‑out. No significant carry‑over effect was observed for the assessed parameters. There was a reduction in the serum levels of low‑density lipoprotein cholesterol (P &lt; 0.001), total cholesterol (P &lt; 0.001), and triglycerides (P &lt; 0.05).<br />Nevertheless, simvastatin therapy did not significantly affect serum level of high‑density lipoprotein cholesterol and Vitamin D level (P &gt; 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Short‑term treatment with simvastatin (40 mg/day) does not have a significant affect on serum levels of Vitamin D.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Randomized controlled trial, simvastatin, Vitamin D</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1704http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1704/1995

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802002016061217031703ENFood and Beverages Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, UrmiaHealth Department, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, UrmiaFood and Beverages Safety Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, UrmiaHealth Department, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia20160612<p><strong>Background:</strong> Obesity and overweight among children is a major public health problem in developed and developing countries and has important health and economic implications. This<br />longitudinal study aimed to assessing the prevalence trend of overweight and obesity in West Azerbaijan in North West of Iran.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: This study was a longitudinal follow-up study and was conducted in school children at 2009&ndash;2011 year. The subjects were all school children (12 years of age) that were recruited from rural and urban schools in West Azerbaijan. Overall, 22,820 girls and 28,763 boys were enrolled in 2009 and were followed for 3 years. A body mass index (BMI) 85th&ndash;95th percentile was classified as overweight and a BMI &gt;95th percentile was classified as obese. All statistical analyses were performed using the Excel Software. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the sample in different time periods. The prevalence was calculated as the ratio of number of present cases to a given population number in a given subgroup at a given time.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: In urban schools, the prevalence of overweight among girls and boys was 118.26 and 103.9 per 1000 persons in 2009 year, respectively, and this trend was increased in both girls<br />(152.90 per 1000 persons) and boys (125.72 per 1000 persons) in 2011. The obesity trend was increased among both girls and boys (22.26 and 26.52 among girls and boys in 2009 to 24.66<br />and 28.65 per 1000 persons in 2011), respectively. In rural schools, the prevalence of overweight among girls was increased from 84.5 in 2009 to 108.89 per 1000 persons in 2011, but this trend was decreased among boys (from 95.49 in 2009 to 43.9 per 1000 persons in 2011), and the prevalence of obesity among boys was increased at the end of follow-up, but this trend was decreased among girls.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Overweight and obesity in children has increased. Further studies are necessary to evaluate the relationship between obesity and overweight and risk factors such as dietary<br />pattern and physical inactivity.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Longitudinal study, obesity, overweight, prevalence, school children</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1703http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1703/1994

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802002016070317141714ENDepartment of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al‑Azhar University, Nasr City, Cairo20160703--http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1714http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1714/2004

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802002016062217081708ENWater and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanWater and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanWater and Electrolytes Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanWater and Electrolytes Research Center & Department of Physiology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences & Isfahan MN Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences Research, Isfahan20160622--http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1708http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1708/1998

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802002016060817021702ENDepartment of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Kancheepuram, Tamil NaduDepartment of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Kancheepuram, Tamil NaduDepartment of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu20160608-----http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1702http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1702/1993