International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802112016100117381738ENEndocrine Research Center, Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranFaculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, TehranStudents’ Scientific Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20161001<p><strong>Background:</strong> Diabetes is a leading cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Moreover, CVD<br />accounts for primary cause of death among diabetic patients. Physicians, especially in the primary<br />care setting, have effective role in the management of cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore,<br />we aimed to compare the prevalence of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in Type 2 diabetic<br />patients attending to an urban health center as a primary care center with Institute of Endocrinology<br />and Metabolism Diabetes Clinic (IEMDC) as a tertiary center.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> This cross‑sectional study was performed on 200 adult diabetic patients attending urban<br />health center (Abouzar Health Center) and 201 diabetic patients in a tertiary center. The patients&rsquo;<br />cardiovascular risk factors including lipid profile, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), and<br />smoking history were recorded. The number of patients who did not achieve the target according<br />to the American Diabetes Association guidelines was determined and compared.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The patients in urban health center were older than those who attending IEMDC (P = 0.004).<br />The duration of diabetes was longer among urban center patients (P &lt; 0.001). Comparison of<br />cardiovascular risk factors between two groups of patients showed a significant number of<br />patients with poor‑controlled low‑density lipoprotein (75% vs. 44.7%) and triglyceride (74% vs.<br />51.7%) in patients attending primary center (P &lt; 0.001). However, the prevalence of high diastolic<br />BP (60.6% vs. 44.5%) was significantly higher in patients attending IEMDC (P = 0.001). There<br />was no significant difference between the two centers&rsquo; findings in glycosylated hemoglobin level,<br />high‑density lipoprotein level, and systolic BP.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Both centers have failure in target achievement in some risk factors; however, the<br />inability of the primary care center in controlling hyperlipidemia in comparison with the tertiary<br />center is a serious warning to provide training about managing dyslipidemia in these centers.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Cardiovascular risk factors, primary care setting, tertiary care setting, Type 2 diabetes</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1738http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1738/2028

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802112016092817371737ENDepartment of Biochemistry, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, IndiaDepartment of Biochemistry, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India20160928<p><strong>Background:</strong> The objective of this study is to develop a new animal model based on signaling<br />pathways to understand the pathophysiology, therapy of depression, and to investigate the<br />antidepressant activity of Enicostemma littorale which is not yet established.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> Animal models of depression were raised by physical methods and administration of<br />methyl isobutyl ketone (100 mg/kg b.w., i.p.,) and a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, sodium<br />orthovanadate (30 mg/kg b.w., i.p.,) to young Wistar rats. E. littorale aqueous extract (100 mg/kg<br />b.w., oral) was administered. Forced swimming test (FST), biochemical, and histopathological<br />parameters were performed with reference to fluoxetine (20 mg/kg b.w., oral) treatment.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> High‑performance thin‑layer chromatography confirmed the presence of swertiamarin,<br />a unique glycoside present in the Gentianaceae family. FST indicated high rates of immobility in<br />depressed groups and low rates in plant extract‑administered group with reference to fluoxetine.<br />Biochemical assays indicated significantly (P &lt; 0.05) increased levels of total protein, superoxide<br />dismutase, triglycerides, and total serum cholesterol, whereas significant reduction (P &lt; 0.05)<br />of glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and lipid peroxidation in plant extract‑administered groups in<br />comparison to the depressed groups. Histopathological analysis indicated disorganized neuronal<br />architecture during depression whereas rejuvenation of neuronal patterns was observed during<br />treatment with plant extract and fluoxetine.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> This study shows that sodium orthovanadate induces depression in animals and<br />also establishes the antidepressant activity of E. littorale.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Depression, Enicostemma littorale Blume, sodium orthovanadate</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1737http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1737/2027

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802112016092717361736ENDepartment of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nueva Granada Military University, BogotáDepartment of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nueva Granada Military University, BogotáDepartment of Mechatronics Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Nueva Granada Military University, Bogotá20160927<p><strong>Background: </strong>Reported cases of uncontrolled use of pesticides and its produced effects by direct<br />or indirect exposition, represent a high risk for human health. Therefore, in this paper, it is shown<br />the results of the development and execution of an algorithm that predicts the possible effects in<br />endocrine system in Fisher 344 (F344) rats, occasioned by ingestion of malathion.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> It was referred to ToxRefDB database in which different case studies in F344 rats<br />exposed to malathion were collected. The experimental data were processed using Na&iuml;ve<br />Bayes (NB) machine learning classifier, which was subsequently optimized using genetic<br />algorithms (GAs). The model was executed in an application with a graphical user interface<br />programmed in C#.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> There was a tendency to suffer bigger alterations, increasing levels in the parathyroid<br />gland in dosages between 4 and 5 mg/kg/day, in contrast to the thyroid gland for doses between<br />739 and 868 mg/kg/day. It was showed a greater resistance for females to contract effects on<br />the endocrine system by the ingestion of malathion. Females were more susceptible to suffer<br />alterations in the pituitary gland with exposure times between 3 and 6 months.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The prediction model based on NB classifiers allowed to analyze all the possible<br />combinations of the studied variables and improving its accuracy using GAs. Excepting the<br />pituitary gland, females demonstrated better resistance to contract effects by increasing levels<br />on the rest of endocrine system glands.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Artificial intelligence, machine learning, organophosphate, rat</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1736http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1736/2025

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802112016092717351735ENDepartment of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanEndocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran, 2Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Food Security Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20160927<p><strong>Background:</strong> We studied the effects of high protein (HP) and balanced diets (BDs) on lipid<br />profiles, and high‑sensitive C‑reactive protein (hs‑CRP) levels in obese and overweight women.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> In a parallel designed randomized controlled clinical trial, 60 healthy women with<br />body mass index &ge;25 kg/m2, aged 20&ndash;46 years, enrolled in an 8‑week investigation at aerobic<br />clubs. They were categorized into two groups (HP and BDs), randomly. Fasting lipid profile<br />and hs‑CRP levels were evaluated at the beginning and end of the trial. We assessed dietary<br />intake by 3‑day records and also used SPSS (version 18; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) for<br />data analyzing.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Fifty‑six participants completed the intervention. Concentrations of low‑density lipoprotein<br />cholesterol (P &lt; 0.001 in BD group vs. P =0.023 in HP group) and high‑density lipoprotein<br />cholesterol (P &lt; 0.001 in BD group vs. P =0.002 in HP group) increased significantly in both<br />groups. Circulating triglycerides levels increased in both intervention grows, but the change in the<br />HP group was not significant compared with the other group (P = 0.007 in BD group vs. P =0.099<br />in HP group). Whereas total cholesterol concentration decreased but not significantly so (P = 0.53<br />in BD group vs. P =0.73 in HP group). There were marginally significant decreases in the hs‑CRP<br />levels due to both diets (P = 0.057 in BD group vs. P =0.086 in HP group); however, there were<br />no significant differences between the groups.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Administration of HP and BD in overweight and obese women with regular aerobic<br />exercise showed improvement in lipid profiles and hs‑CRP levels within the groups, but there<br />were no significant differences between groups.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> C‑reactive protein, diet, inflammation, lipid profile</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1735http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1735/2026

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802112016092617341734ENDepartment of Dermatology, Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanStudent of Medicine, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Dermatology, Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Biostatics and Epidemiology, Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanSkin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Dermatology, Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20160926<p><strong>Background:</strong> Alopecia areata (AA) is a noncicatricial (nonscarring) alopecia. The association<br />between AA and celiac disease (CD) is debatable. Several studies declare the relationship<br />between AA and CD as measurement of celiac autoantibodies (anti‑gliadin IgA and anti‑gliadin<br />IgG), but a few studies consider anti‑tissue transglutaminase IgA. The aim of this study was<br />to evaluate the frequency distribution of celiac autoantibodies (all of them) in patients with AA<br />compared with controls.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> This study is a case&ndash;control study. Thirty‑five patients entered in each group. Anti‑gliadin<br />IgA, anti‑gliadin IgG, and anti‑tissue transglutaminase IgA were tested in all patients. Samples<br />were examined in ELISA method with binding site&rsquo;s kits, and the result was reported as positive/<br />negative. Finally, the frequency distribution of autoantibodies was examined.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The age average did not show a significant difference between two groups (P = 0.62). In<br />addition, there was no significant difference between the two groups based on gender (P = 0.15).<br />The prevalence of antibody in case and control groups was 2.85% and 0%, respectively. There<br />was no significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.31).</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> There may be a relationship between CD and AA, but the absence of statistical<br />association between AA and CD does not mean that there is no relationship between gluten and<br />AA in certain patients. Thus, we have shown here that the biological tests to search for CD do not<br />bring information and proof enough, and it is why we recommend another approach to disclose<br />gluten intolerance in AA patients.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Alopecia areata, autoantibodies, celiac, frequency distribution</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1734http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1734/2023

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802112016092617331733ENDepartment of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Health Management and Economics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran & Department of Information, Evidence and Research, Eastern Mediterranean Region, World Health Organization, CairoDepartment of Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran20160926<p><strong>Background: </strong>Food aid programs are strategies that aim to improve nutritional status and to<br />tackle food insecurity. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a National Food Supplementary<br />Program for Children on households&rsquo; food security.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> The study sample included 359 mothers of children aged 6&ndash;72 months under the<br />coverage of the program in two provinces of Iran. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics<br />of the households and percentage of supplementary food items consumed by target child were<br />assessed by a questionnaire and checklist. Data on household food security were collected<br />by locally adapted Household Food Insecurity Access Scale at the baseline of the study and<br />6 months thereafter.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the baseline, only 4.7% of families were food secure, while 43.5% were severely<br />food insecure, and these proportions were changed to 7.9% and 38%, respectively (P &lt; 0.001),<br />at the end of the study. Odds of having worse food insecurity in households with medium and<br />high wealth index was 65% and 87% lower than those with low wealth index, respectively (odds<br />ratio [OR] = 0.35, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.2&ndash;0.61, and OR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.12&ndash;0.43).<br />Food sharing was common among more than 95% of the studied households. Mean maternal<br />body mass index (BMI) increased significantly after 6 months (P &lt; 0.001). However, there was<br />no significant association between mother&rsquo;s BMI and household food security in the baseline<br />and at the end of the study (P &gt; 0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Findings show that the food supplementary program for children can also improve<br />the household food security status. Further research is needed to assess other factors that affect<br />the effectiveness of this kind of programs.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Food security, food supplementary program, Iran, nutritional status</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1733http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1733/2024

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802112016092617321732ENExercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia & Sports Science Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, KelantanSports Science Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, KelantanExercise and Sports Science Programme, School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia & Sports Science Unit, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, KelantanDepartment of Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan20160926<p><strong>Background:</strong> This study investigated the effects of Lignosus rhinocerotis (LRS) supplementation<br />and resistance training (RT) on isokinetic muscular strength and power, anaerobic and aerobic<br />fitness, and immune parameters in young males.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> Participants were randomly assigned to four groups: Control (C), LRS, RT, and<br />combined RT-LRS (RT-LRS). Participants in the LRS and RT-LRS groups consumed 500 mg of<br />LRS daily for 8 weeks. RT was conducted 3 times/week for 8 weeks for participants in the RT<br />and RT-LRS groups. The following parameters were measured before and after the intervention<br />period: Anthropometric data, isokinetic muscular strength and power, and anaerobic and aerobic<br />fitness. Blood samples were also collected to determine immune parameters.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Isokinetic muscular strength and power were increased (P &lt; 0.05) in participants of both<br />RT and RT-LRS groups. RT-LRS group had shown increases (P &lt; 0.05) in shoulder extension<br />peak torque, shoulder flexion and extension average power, knee flexion peak torque, and knee<br />flexion and extension average power. There were also increases (P &lt; 0.05) in anaerobic power and<br />capacity and aerobic fitness in this group. Similarly, RT group had increases (P &lt; 0.05) in shoulder<br />flexion average power, knee flexion and extension peak torque, and knee flexion and extension<br />average power. In addition, increases (P &lt; 0.05) in anaerobic power and capacity, aerobic fitness,<br />T lymphocytes (CD3 and CD4), and B lymphocytes (CD19) counts were observed in the RT group.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> RT elicited increased isokinetic muscular strength and power, anaerobic and<br />aerobic fitness, and immune parameters among young males. However, supplementation with<br />LRS during RT did not provide additive benefits.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Aerobic fitness, immune parameters, Lignosus rhinocerotis, muscular fitness, resistance training</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1732http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1732/2022

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802112016092617311731ENDepartment of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, MazandaranDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunogenetic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, MazandaranDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunogenetic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, MazandaranDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunogenetic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, MazandaranUniversity of La Trobe, Melbourne, VictoriaDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunogenetic Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran20160926<p><strong>Background:</strong> It is hypothesized that the impacts of life events accumulate and can trigger and<br />promote atherosclerosis in susceptible individuals. In the current study, the correlation of total<br />life stressors during 1 year was investigated relative to coronary artery disease (CAD).</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> The study population consisted of 148 males and 152 females aged 35&ndash;76 years.<br />The subjects were classified as CAD cases and controls according to the results of coronary<br />angiography. The severity of CAD was scored on the basis of the number and the extent of lesions<br />at coronary arteries. The stressful events of life were assessed using Holmes‑Rahe Questionnaire<br />and was presented as total psychological stress scores per year (TPSS).</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The frequency of cigarette smoking, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension was more<br />prevalent in CAD cases than control subjects. The levels of TPSS were increased in patients<br />with CAD compared to the controls (160.3 &plusmn; 71.3 vs. 139.8 &plusmn; 66.5, P = 0.020). TPSS was also<br />associated positively with the levels of uric acid, erythrocytes counts, erythrocyte sedimentation<br />rate, aspirin consumption, and negatively with high‑density lipoprotein‑cholesterol and apo‑AI.<br />In logistic regression analysis, TPSS correlated with the occurrence of CAD by the odds ratio of<br />1.773 (1.073&ndash;2.930), P = 0.025, but the association was weakened after adjustment for classical<br />risk factors, especially hypertension. TPSS exhibited significant association with the severity of<br />CAD [F (3,274) = 2.6, P = 0.051].</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The results suggest that TPSS are associated with the occurrence and severity<br />of CAD significantly, but the association is not independent.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Coronary artery disease, life events, psychosocial, stress</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1731http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1731/2021

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802112016091017301730ENDepartment of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, KarajTabriz Health Services Management Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, TabrizDepartment of Public Health, School of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj,Department of Public Health, School of Health, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, KarajDepartment of Pediatrics, School of Nursing, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20160910<strong>Background:</strong> It is clear that tobacco smoking and substance abuse have negative consequences<br />on adolescent and youth&rsquo;s health. Tobacco smoking especially hookah smoking has increased<br />worldwide especially among university students. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of<br />risk‑taking behaviors such as cigarette smoking, hookah smoking, alcohol use, and drug abuse<br />and its predictors in students of Karaj universities.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> This cross‑sectional study took place in Karaj in January and February 2014. The<br />randomly selected sample consisted of 1959 college students. A self‑administered questionnaire<br />was used to measure risk‑taking behaviors as well as demographic and related risk factors.<br />Logistic regression model was performed in data analysis.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The prevalence of cigarette smoking was 9.3%. The prevalence of hookah smoking<br />was 9.3%. 7% of students used illegal drugs and 9.5% of students used alcohol at least once in<br />last 30 days. After adjustment for other factors, being male, living without parents, having smoker<br />friends, and presence any smoker in the family were factors associated with students&rsquo; risk‑taking<br />behaviors. The results showed the co‑occurrence of risk‑taking behaviors.<br /><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The prevalence of tobacco smoking and substance abuse, particular in males, are<br />high. It seems that planning preventive interventions for this part of the population are necessary.<br />This study emphasized the co‑occurrence of risky behaviors, so, it is better high‑risk behaviors<br />simultaneously targeted at reducing or preventing interventions.<br /><strong>Keywords:</strong> Cigarette smoking, college students, risk‑taking behaviors, substance abuse,<br />water‑pipehttp://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1730http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1730/2019

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802112016091017291729ENDepartment of Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases, Vice-Chancellery for Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, KhorramabadDepartment of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, KhorramabadDepartment of Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases, Vice-Chancellery for Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, KhorramabadDepartment of Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases, Vice-Chancellery for Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, KhorramabadInfectious Diseases Ward, Shahid Madani Hospital, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, KhorramabadDepartment of Prevention and Control of Communicable Diseases, Vice-Chancellery for Health, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad20160910<strong>Background:</strong> Despite the progress made, animal bites and rabies are one of the important<br />health problems in the country. The purpose of this study was to investigate the epidemiology of<br />animal bites and rabies during 2004&ndash;2014 in Lorestan Province to prevent them in population of<br />the province for the future prospective aspects.<br /><strong>Materials and Methods:</strong> In a descriptive cross‑sectional study, all those cases bitten in the<br />province, during 2004 and 2014, were studied. The required information about the age, sex,<br />the bitten organ, type of the invasive animal time, and location of the event were collected in<br />questionnaires and then analyzed.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> The total number of cases of animal rabies during the period of study was 43,892,<br />shown at the rate of 223.23 in 100,000 people. Seventy‑eight percent of animal bites in rural<br />areas, 41.42% in the ages 10&ndash;29‑year‑old, 26.8% of cases were students, 56.77% leg bites, and<br />82.5% of dog bites. Four cases of human rabies were observed during this period.<br /><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Rate of animal bites and rabies is high in Lorestan Province. Controlling animals<br />such as dogs and cats in the province through training people at risk, especially among the<br />students, rural areas and inter‑sectorial coordination to eliminate stray animals should be<br />considered over and over. Preventive actions to avoid bites are a priority.<br /><strong>Keywords:</strong> Animal bites, epidemiology, Iran, Lorestan, rabieshttp://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1729http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1729/2018

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802112016091017281728ENDepartment of Public Health, William Paterson University, Wayne, NJ 07470, USADepartment of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY 10032, USADepartment of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, NY 10032, USADepartment of Health Sciences, Lehman College, The City University of New York, Bronx, NY, USADepartment of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Montclair State University, NJ, USA20160910<p><strong>Background:</strong> Traditional cigarette advertising has existed in the US for over 200 years. Studies<br />suggest that advertising has an impact on the initiation and maintenance of smoking behaviors.<br />In recent years, electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) emerged on the market as an alternative to<br />the traditional tobacco cigarette. The purpose of this study was to describe advertisements in<br />popular US magazines marketed to women for cigarettes and e-cigarettes.<br /><strong>Methods:</strong> This study involved analyzing 99 issues of 14 popular US magazines marketed to<br />women.<br /><strong>Results:</strong> Compared to advertisements for traditional cigarettes, advertisements for e-cigarettes<br />were more often found in magazines geared toward the 31&ndash;40-year-old audience (76.5% vs.<br />53.1%, P = 0.011) whereas traditional cigarette advertisements were nearly equally distributed<br />among women 31&ndash;40 and &ge;40 years. More than three-quarters of the e-cigarette advertisements<br />presented in magazines aimed at the higher median income households compared to a balanced<br />distribution by income for traditional cigarettes (P = 0.033).<br /><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Future studies should focus on specific marketing tactics used to promote<br />e-cigarette use as this product increases in popularity, especially among young women smokers.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Advertising, cigarette, electronic cigarette, magazines, women</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1728http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1728/2020