International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802042017052717921792ENFood Security Research Center & Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanFood Security Research Center & Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanFood Security Research Center & Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanFood Security Research Center & Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanFood Security Research Center & Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanCancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Statistics, Faculty of Sciences, Zabol University, Zabol20170527<p><span class="fontstyle0">Recently, interest in targeted cancer therapies via metabolic pathways has been renewed with the discovery that many tumors become dependent on glucose uptake during anaerobic glycolysis. Also the inability of ketone bodies metabolization due to various defciencies in mitochondrial enzymes is the major metabolic changes discovered in malignant cells. Therefore, administration of a ketogenic diet (KD) which is based on high in fat and low in carbohydrates might inhibit tumor growth and provide a rationale for therapeutic strategies. So, we conducted this systematic review to assess the effects of KD on the tumor cells growth and survival time in animal studies. All databases were searched from inception to November 2015. We systematically searched the PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholars, Science Direct and Cochrane Library according to the Preferred Reporting Items for<br />Systematic Reviews and Meta‑Analyses statement. To assess the quality of included studies we used SYRCLE&rsquo;s RoB tool. 268 articles were obtained from databases by primary search. Only 13 studies were eligible according to inclusion criteria. From included studies, 9 articles indicate that KD had a<br />benefcial effect on tumor growth and survival time. Tumor types were included pancreatic, prostate, gastric, colon, brain, neuroblastoma and lung cancers. In conclusions, although studies in this feld are rare and inconsistence, recent fndings have demonstrated that KD can potentially inhibit the malignant cell growth and increase the survival time. Because of differences physiology between animals and humans, future studies in cancer patients treated with a KD are needed.<br /></span><strong></strong></p><p><strong><span class="fontstyle2">Keywords: </span></strong><span class="fontstyle3">Cancer, ketogenic diet, survival, tumor growth</span> <br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" /></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1792http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1792/2081

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802042017052717901790ENDepartment of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Community Nutrition, Food Security Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20170527<span class="fontstyle0">Although several animal and human studies have investigated the effect of alpha‑lipoic acid (ALA) on blood pressure (BP), these fndings are inconsistent. This systematic review of randomized clinical trials was conducted to summarize the evidence on the effect of ALA on BP. PubMed,<br />SCOPUS, and Google Scholar databases were searched based on MESH term (&ldquo;Thioctic acid&rdquo; in combination with &ldquo;Hypertension&rdquo; and &ldquo;Blood pressure&rdquo;) to identify related papers published up to December 2015. We summarized the results of the relevant studies in this review. In total, nine<br />studies included in this review, seven parallel‑designed trials and two crossover‑designed trials. The results of parallel‑designed studies are inconsistent. Five studies indicate no signifcant effects for ALA supplementation on BP, but two trials show effects on BP. Unlike parallel‑designed trials, two crossover‑designed trials have shown similar results and both report no effect for ALA on BP. Several studies investigated the effect of ALA on BP. Most of the papers show no signifcant<br />effect for supplementation and the studies have shown that associations are limited. However, these fndings are limited and there is a need for further and more accurate researches to be clarifed.<br /></span><span class="fontstyle2"><strong>Keywords</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle3">Alpha‑lipoic acid, diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, systolic blood pressure, thioctic acid</span> <br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" />http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1790http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1790/2083

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802042017050617891789ENDepartment of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006,Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Section of Urology, Seattle, Washington 9810820170506<p>Penile inflammatory skin conditions such as balanitis and posthitis are common, especially in uncircumcised males, and feature prominently in medical consultations. We conducted a<br />systematic review of the medical literature on PubMed, EMBASE, and Cohrane databases using keywords &ldquo;balanitis,&rdquo; &ldquo;posthitis,&rdquo; &ldquo;balanoposthitis,&rdquo; &ldquo;lichen sclerosus,&rdquo; &ldquo;penile inflammation,&rdquo; and<br />&ldquo;inflammation penis,&rdquo; along with &ldquo;circumcision,&rdquo; &ldquo;circumcised,&rdquo; and &ldquo;uncircumcised.&rdquo; Balanitis is the most common inflammatory disease of the penis. The accumulation of yeasts and other<br />microorganisms under the foreskin contributes to inflammation of the surrounding penile tissue. The clinical presentation of inflammatory penile conditions includes itching, tenderness, and pain. Penile inflammation is responsible for significant morbidity, including acquired phimosis, balanoposthitis, and lichen sclerosus. Medical treatment can be challenging and a cost burden to the health system. Reducing prevalence is therefore important. While topical antifungal creams can be used, usually<br />accompanied by advice on hygiene, the definitive treatment is circumcision. Data from meta‑analyses showed that circumcised males have a 68% lower prevalence of balanitis than uncircumcised males and that balanitis is accompanied by a 3.8‑fold increase in risk of penile cancer. Because of the high<br />prevalence and morbidity of penile inflammation, especially in immunocompromised and diabetic patients, circumcision should be more widely adopted globally and is best performed early in infancy.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Balanitis, circumcision male, foreskin, infection, inflammation, lichen sclerosus</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1789http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1789/2078

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802042017052717941794ENDepartment of Dermatology, Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Dermatology, Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Dermatology, Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis Research Center, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, IsfahanDepartment of Biostatics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan20170527<p><strong><span class="fontstyle0">Background: </span></strong><span class="fontstyle2">Lichen planopilaris is an inflammatory cicatricial alopecia, and its management is a challenge for dermatologists. We aimed to compare the effcacy of methotrexate and hydroxychloroquine on refractory lichen planopilaris. </span></p><p><strong><span class="fontstyle0">Methods: </span></strong><span class="fontstyle2">In a randomized clinical trial, 29 patients were randomly allocated to receive either 15 mg methotrexate/week or 200 mg hydroxychloroquine twice a day for 6 months. Side effects,&nbsp; symptoms/signs, and laboratory tests were assessed periodically. Lichen Planopilaris Activity Index (LPPAI) was measured before intervention and at 2, 4, and 6 months after. The changes from baseline to the end of the study were analyzed within each group and between the two groups by per‑protocol and intention‑to‑treat analysis. </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">After 2 months, mean (standard deviation [SD]) decrease in LPPAI in methotrexate group was signifcantly more than that in hydroxychloroquine group (1.68 [1.24] vs. 0.8 [0.71], respectively, </span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.047). Furthermore, after 6 months, mean (SD) decrease in LPPAI in methotrexate group was signifcantly higher than that in&nbsp; hydroxychloroquine group (3.3 [2.09] vs. 1.51 [0.91], respectively, </span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.01). The following symptoms/signs showed signifcant improvements in frequency and/or severity in methotrexate group after intervention: pruritus (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.007), erythema (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.01), perifollicular erythema (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.01), perifollicular scaling (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.08), spreading (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.001), and<br />follicular keratosis (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.04). In hydroxychloroquine group, only erythema (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">= 0.004) showed signifcant improvement. </span></p><p><strong><span class="fontstyle0">Conclusions: </span></strong><span class="fontstyle2">Methotrexate was more effective than hydroxychloroquine in<br />treating refractory lichen planopilaris.</span></p><p><strong><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;">Keywords: </span></strong><span class="fontstyle3">Hydroxychloroquine, lichen planopilaris, methotrexate</span> <br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" /></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1794http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1794/2079

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802042017050617881788ENChild Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesBureau of Family, Population, Youth and School Health, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran & Department of Pediatrics, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz,Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranChild Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesHealth Management and Economics Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran and Department of Health Education and Promotion, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran,Child Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical SciencesNon-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Science, Karaj & Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranChild Growth and Development Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences20170506<p><strong>Background:</strong> Prolonged screen time is frequent in children and adolescents. Implementing interventions to reduce physical inactivity needs to assess related determinants. This study aims<br />to assess factors associated with screen time in a national sample of children and adolescents.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: This nationwide study was conducted among 14,880 students aged 6&ndash;18 years. Data collection was performed using questionnaires and physical examination. The World Health<br />Organization‑Global School Health Survey questionnaire was used. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between demographic variables, socioeconomic status (SES), family structure, physical activity, unhealthy eating habits, body mass index, and mental distress with screen time.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: The participation rate was 90.6% (n = 13,486), 50.8% were male, and 75.6% lived in urban areas. Mean (standard deviation) age of participants was 12.47 (3.36) years.<br />The SES, eating junk foods, urban residence, and age had significant association with screen time, watching television (TV), and computer use (P &lt; 0.05). With increasing number of children, the odds ratio of watching TV reduced (P &lt; 0.001). Statistically, significant association existed between obesity and increased time spent watching TV (P &lt; 0.001). Girls spent less likely to use computer and to have prolonged screen time (P &lt; 0.001). Participants in the sense of worthlessness were<br />less likely to watch TV (P = 0.005). Screen time, watching TV, and using computer were higher in students with aggressive behaviors (P &lt; 0.001); screen time was higher in those with insomnia.</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: In this study, higher SES, unhealthy food habits, and living in urban areas, as well as aggressive behaviors and insomnia increased the risk of physical inactivity.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Children and adolescents, determinants, screen time</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1788http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1788/2077

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802042017050617871787ENDiabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, TehranDepartment of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modarres University, TehranFoundation for Education, Research and Services on Educational Medicine and School Health, TehranDepartment of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of OttawaEndocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran20170506<p><strong>Background</strong>: One of the main usages of social networks in clinical studies is facilitating the process of sampling and case finding for scientists. The main focus of this study is on comparing two different methods of sampling through phone calls and using social network, for study purposes.</p><p><strong>Methods</strong>: One of the researchers started calling 214 families of children with diabetes during 90 days. After this period, phone calls stopped, and the team started communicating with families<br />through telegram, a virtual social network for 30 days. The number of children who participated in the study was evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results</strong>: Although the telegram method was 60 days shorter than the phone call method, researchers found that the number of participants from telegram (17.6%) did not have any significant differences compared with the ones being phone called (12.9%).</p><p><strong>Conclusions</strong>: Using social networks can be suggested as a beneficial method for local researchers who look for easier<br />sampling methods, winning their samples&rsquo; trust, following up with the procedure, and an easy‑access database.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Case finding, clinical studies, diabetes, sampling, social network</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1787http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1787/2076

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802042017050617861786ENDepartment of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ShirazStudent Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ShirazDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Infertility Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ShirazDepartment of Biostatistics, Medical School, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ShirazResearch Center for Traditional Medicine and History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, ShirazDepartment of Midwifery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz20170506<p><strong>Background:</strong> Busy care providers focus on the serious complications of postpartum period. This issue causes the seemingly trivial complications, such as mother&rsquo;s pains, fatigue, and psychological status, to be less taken into account. The study aimed to determine the effect of lavender oil aroma in<br />the early hours of postpartum period on maternal pains, fatigue, and mood in primiparous mothers.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 56 participants; 29 in intervention group and 27 in control group. The intervention group received lavender oil in three doses during the first 24 h after delivery. Sesame oil was used in the control group. Intensity of pain, fatigue, and distress level was measured by visual analog scale before and after the interventions. Besides, mood status was assessed through the positive and negative affect schedule.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> The mean age of all the participants was 23.88 &plusmn; 3.88 years. After the first intervention and also in the tomorrow<br />morning assessment, significant differences were found between the two groups regarding perineal pain (P = 0.004, P &lt; 0.001), physical pain (P &lt; 0.001), fatigue (P = 0.02, P &lt; 0.001), and distress scores (P &lt; 0.001). In addition, significant differences were found concerning the mean scores of positive (P &lt; 0.001) and negative (P = 0.007, P &lt; 0.001) moods between the two groups after the interventions. Repeated measures analyses showed that the two groups were significantly different over time in all the evaluated variables.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Lavender oil aromatherapy starting in the first hours of postpartum period resulted in better physical and mood status compared to nonaromatic group.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Fatigue, lavender oil aromatherapy, mood, perineal pain, postpartum</p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1786http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1786/2075

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802042017052717931793ENAtherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, BirjandAtherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, BirjandAtherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, BirjandAtherosclerosis and Coronary Artery Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, BirjandHepatitis Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand20170527<p><strong><span class="fontstyle0">Background: </span></strong><span class="fontstyle2">Hypertension (HTN) is a major cause of noncommunicable diseases. In this study, we report the prevalence rate of HTN in Birjand population. </span></p><p><strong><span class="fontstyle0">Methods: </span></strong><span class="fontstyle2">This cross‑sectional study was conducted on 1286 individuals in Birjand in 2014. Individuals with systolic blood pressure (SBP) &ge;140 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) &ge;90 mmHg were considered as<br />hypertensive. Data were analyzed using Chi‑square test, independent </span><span class="fontstyle3">t</span><span class="fontstyle2">‑test, and one‑way ANOVA. </span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">&lt; 0.05 was considered as statistically signifcant.</span></p><p><span class="fontstyle2"> </span><strong><span class="fontstyle0">Results: </span></strong><span class="fontstyle2">Among the 1286 participants, 659 were women (51.2%). Prevalence of HTN was 20.1% (10.3% systolic HTN and 6.9% diastolic HTN). Prevalence self‑reported HTN was 12.3%. SBP and DBP means were higher in men (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">&lt; 0.001). Mean scores of SBP and DBP increased by aging and body mass index (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">&lt; 0.001). Diabetic individuals had higher SBP scores (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">&lt; 0.001). Dyslipidemic patients had greater SBP and DBP (</span><span class="fontstyle3">P </span><span class="fontstyle2">&lt; 0.001). </span></p><p><span class="fontstyle0"><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span class="fontstyle2">Prevalence of HTN in our study is high. About one‑ffth of the participants had HTN. In addition, BP is higher in men, elderly, and diabetic individual. Therefore, it is necessary to control BP regularly in different groups in society.<br /></span><strong><span class="fontstyle0" style="color: #00652e;">Keywords: </span></strong><span class="fontstyle3">Diastolic blood pressure, hypertension, Iran, prevalence, systolic blood pressure</span> <br style="font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: -webkit-auto; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; white-space: normal; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px;" /></p>http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1793http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1793/2080

International Journal of Preventive Medicine (Int J Prev Med)2008-7802042017052717911791ENDepartment of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, ancheepuram, Tamil NaduDepartment of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, ancheepuram, Tamil NaduDepartment of Community Medicine, Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, ancheepuram, Tamil Nadu20170527--http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/view/1791http://ijpm.mui.ac.ir/index.php/ijpm/article/download/1791/2082