Potential Health Impacts of Hard Water

Abstract

In the past five decades or so evidence has been accumulating about an environmental factor, which appears to be an influencing mortality, in particular, cardiovascular mortality, and this is the hardness of the drinking water. In addition, several epidemiological investigations have demonstrated the relation between risk for cardiovascular disease, growth retardation, reproductive failure, and other health problems and hardness of drinking water or its content of magnesium and calcium. In addition, the acidity of the water influences the reabsorption of calcium and magnesium in the renal tubule. Not only, calcium and magnesium, but other constituents also affect different health aspects. Thus, the present review attempts to explore the health effects of hard water and its constituents.

Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease, calcium, cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hard water, magnesium, reproductive health