Effects of Different Modes of Exercise Training on Body Composition and Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Middle‑aged Men

Hamid Reza Mohammadi, Mohammad Sadegh Khoshnam, Ebrahim Khoshnam

Abstract


Background: Previous studies have indicated that exercise training improves body composition and cardiovascular disease risk factors. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of aerobic, strength and combined training on body composition, intercellular adhesion molecule‑1 (ICAM‑1), vascular cell adhesion molecule‑1 (VCAM‑1), and C‑reactive protein (CRP) in sedentary middle‑aged men.

Methods: Forty‑seven male aged 40–60 years voluntarily participated
in this study and were divided in four groups: aerobic (n = 12), strength (n = 12), combined (n = 11), and control (n = 12) groups randomly. Body composition, ICAM‑1, VCAM‑1, and CRP were measured before and after 12 weeks. Data were analyzed using paired t‑test and analysis of variance
statistical methods.

Results: There were signifcant differences in body weight between aerobic and strength training (P = 0.004) and aerobic and control groups (P = 0.018), body mass index between combined and strength training (P = 0.004) and combined and control groups (P = 0.001), fat percentage between aerobic training and control group (P = 0.017) and combined training and control groups (P = 0.004), and fnally, fat‑free mass between aerobic and strength training (P = 0.024),
aerobic and combined training (P = 0.0001), strength and control groups (P = 0.035), and combined and control groups (P = 0.0001).

Conclusions: The results indicated that 12‑week workout, 20–60 min/session, 3 days a week of moderate intensity exercise improved body composition,
ICAM‑1, VCAM‑1, and CRP compared to those who did not participate in any training. However, all three types of exercises had small benefts on body composition, ICAM‑1, VCAM‑1, and CRP in sedentary middle‑aged men, and the importance of combined training required further investigations.

Keywords: Body composition, cardiovascular risk factors, exercise training, middle‑aged men


Full Text:

PDF

References


Lucero AA, Lambrick DM, Faulkner JA, Fryer S, Tarrant MA,

Poudevigne M, et al. Modifiable cardiovascular disease

risk factors among indigenous populations. Adv Prev Med

;2014:547018.

Santos‑Parker JR, LaRocca TJ, Seals DR. Aerobic exercise and

other healthy lifestyle factors that influence vascular aging. Adv

Physiol Educ 2014;38:296‑307.

Terrados N, Valcárcel G, Venta R. New cardiovascular risk

factors and physical activity. Apunts Med Esport 2010;45:201‑8.

Gidding SS. Physical activity, physical fitness, and cardiovascular

risk factors in childhood. Am J Lifestyle Med 2007;1:499‑505.

Hur S, Cho BJ, Kim SR. Comparison of the effects of exercise

participation on psychosocial risk factors and cardiovascular

disease in women. J Phys Ther Sci 2014;26:1795‑8.

Gómez‑Cabello A, Vicente Rodríguez G, Vila‑Maldonado S,

Casajús JA, Ara I. Aging and body composition: The sarcopenic

obesity in Spain. Nutr Hosp 2012;27:22‑30.

Zajac A, Wilk M, Socha T, Maszczyk A, Chycki J. Effects

of growth hormone and testosterone therapy on aerobic and

anaerobic fitness, body composition and lipoprotein profile in

middle‑aged men. Ann Agric Environ Med 2014;21:156‑60.

Hayes LD, Grace FM, Sculthorpe N, Herbert P, Ratcliffe JW,

Kilduff LP, et al. The effects of a formal exercise training

programme on salivary hormone concentrations and body

composition in previously sedentary aging men. Springerplus

;2:18.

Randáková R. Effect of regular training on body composition

and physical performance in young cross‑country skiers: As

compared with normal controls. Acta Univ Palacki Olomuc

Gymn 2005;35:17‑25.

Weyer C, Yudkin JS, Stehouwer CD, Schalkwijk CG, Pratley RE,

Tataranni PA. Humoral markers of inflammation and endothelial

dysfunction in relation to adiposity and in vivo insulin action in

Pima Indians. Atherosclerosis 2002;161:233‑42.

Yeh GY, Wang C, Wayne PM, Phillips R. Tai chi exercise

for patients with cardiovascular conditions and risk factors:

A systematic review. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2009;29:152‑60.

Lavie CJ, Milani RV, Ventura HO. Obesity and cardiovascular

disease: Risk factor, paradox, and impact of weight loss. J Am

Coll Cardiol 2009;53:1925‑32.

Najjar SS, Scuteri A, Lakatta EG. Arterial aging: Is it

an immutable cardiovascular risk factor? Hypertension

;46:454‑62.

Benedini S, Caimi A, Alberti G, Terruzzi I, Dellerma N,

La Torre A, et al. Increase in homocysteine levels after a

half‑marathon running: A detrimental metabolic effect of sport?

Sport Sci Health 2010;6:35‑41.

von Känel R, Mausbach BT, Dimsdale JE, Mills PJ, Patterson TL,

Ancoli‑Israel S, et al. Ways of coping and biomarkers of an

increased atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease risk in elderly

individuals. Cardiovasc Psychiatry Neurol 2012;2012:875876.

Karásek D, Vaverková H, Halenka M, Budíková M, Novotný D.

Soluble cell adhesion molecules s‑VCAM‑1 and s‑ICAM‑1 in

subjects with familial combined hyperlipidemia. Biomed Pap

Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2005;149:101‑8.

Pradhan AD, Rifai N, Ridker PM. Soluble intercellular adhesion

molecule‑1, soluble vascular adhesion molecule‑1, and the

development of symptomatic peripheral arterial disease in men.

Circulation 2002;106:820‑5.

Petridou A, Chatzinikolaou A, Fatouros I, Mastorakos G,

Mitrakou A, Chandrinou H, et al. Resistance exercise does not

affect the serum concentrations of cell adhesion molecules. Br J

Sports Med 2007;41:76‑9.

Cook MD, Heffernan KS, Ranadive S, Woods JA, Fernhall B.

Effect of resistance training on biomarkers of vascular function

and oxidative stress in young African‑American and Caucasian

men. J Hum Hypertens 2013;27:388‑92.

Sallam N, Laher I. Exercise modulates oxidative stress and

inflammation in aging and cardiovascular diseases. Oxid Med

Cell Longev 2016;2016:7239639.

Rankovic G, Milicic B, Savic T, Dindic B, Mancev Z, Pesic G.

Effects of physical exercise on inflammatory parameters and risk

for repeated acute coronary syndrome in patients with ischemic

heart disease. Vojnosanit Pregl 2009;66:44‑8.

Olson TP, Dengel DR, Leon AS, Schmitz KH. Changes in

inflammatory biomarkers following one‑year of moderate

resistance training in overweight women. Int J Obes (Lond)

;31:996‑1003.

Windgassen EB, Funtowicz L, Lunsford TN, Harris LA,

Mulvagh SL. C‑reactive protein and high‑sensitivity C‑reactive

protein: An update for clinicians. Postgrad Med 2011;123:114‑9.

Wang Q, Hunt SC, Xu Q, Chen YE, Province MA, Eckfeldt JH,

et al. Association study of CRP gene polymorphisms with serum

CRP level and cardiovascular risk in the NHLBI Family Heart

Study. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006;291:H2752‑7.

Martins RA, Veríssimo MT, Coelho e Silva MJ, Cumming SP,

Teixeira AM. Effects of aerobic and strength‑based training on

metabolic health indicators in older adults. Lipids Health Dis

;9:76.

Campbell KL, Campbell PT, Ulrich CM, Wener M, Alfano CM,

Foster‑Schubert K, et al. No reduction in C‑reactive protein

following a 12‑month randomized controlled trial of exercise

in men and women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev

;17:1714‑8.

Libardi CA, De Souza GV, Cavaglieri CR, Madruga VA,

Chacon‑Mikahil MP. Effect of resistance, endurance, and

concurrent training on TNF‑a, IL‑6, and CRP. Med Sci Sports

Exerc 2012;44:50‑6.

Perez‑Gomez J, Vicente‑Rodríguez G, Ara Royo I,

Martínez‑Redondo D, Puzo Foncillas J, Moreno LA, et al. Effect

of endurance and resistance training on regional fat mass and

lipid profile. Nutr Hosp 2013;28:340‑6.

Esfahani PS, Gharakhanlou R, Karimian J, Khazaei M, Feizi A,

Safarzade A. Effect of resistance training on plasma nitric

oxide and asymmetric dimethylarginine concentrations in type I

diabetic rats. Int J Prev Med 2013;4 Suppl 1:S78‑84.

Tan S, Li W, Wang J. Effects of six months of combined aerobic

and resistance training for elderly patients with a long history of

type 2 diabetes. J Sports Sci Med 2012;11:495‑501.

Short KR, Vittone JL, Bigelow ML, Proctor DN, Nair KS.

Age and aerobic exercise training effects on whole body and

muscle protein metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab

;286:E92‑101.

Rahmati Najarkolaei FG, Gholami Fesharaki M,

Jonaidi Jafari N. Nutrition and physical activity educational

intervention on CHD risk factors: A systematic review study.

Arch Iran Med 2015;18:51.

Donges CE, Duffield R, Guelfi KJ, Smith GC, Adams DR,

Edge JA. Comparative effects of single‑mode vs.

duration‑matched concurrent exercise training on body

composition, low‑grade inflammation, and glucose regulation

in sedentary, overweight, middle‑aged men. Appl Physiol Nutr

Metab 2013;38:779‑88.

Ferrara CM, Goldberg AP, Ortmeyer HK, Ryan AS. Effects of

aerobic and resistive exercise training on glucose disposal and

skeletal muscle metabolism in older men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci

Med Sci 2006;61:480‑7.

Donges CE, Duffield R. Effects of resistance or aerobic exercise

training on total and regional body composition in sedentary

overweight middle‑aged adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab

;37:499‑509.

Ho SS, Dhaliwal SS, Hills AP, Pal S. The effect of 12 weeks

of aerobic, resistance or combination exercise training on

cardiovascular risk factors in the overweight and obese in a

randomized trial. BMC Public Health 2012;12:704.

Bijeh N, Moazami M, Ahmadi A, Samadpour F, Zabihi AR.

Effect of 6 months of aerobic exercise training on serum leptin,

cortisol, insulin and glucose levels in thin middle‑aged women.

Kowsar Med J 2011;16:53‑9.

Willis LH, Slentz CA, Bateman LA, Shields AT, Piner LW,

Bales CW, et al. Effects of aerobic and/or resistance training on

body mass and fat mass in overweight or obese adults. J Appl

Physiol 2012;113:1831‑7.

Bemben MG, Massey BH, Bemben DA, Boileau RA, Misner JE.

Age‑related variability in body composition methods for

assessment of percent fat and fat‑free mass in men aged

‑74 years. Age Ageing 1998;27:147‑53.

Zoppini G, Targher G, Zamboni C, Venturi C, Cacciatori V,

Moghetti P, et al. Effects of moderate‑intensity exercise

training on plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial

dysfunction in older patients with type 2 diabetes. Nutr Metab

Cardiovasc Dis 2006;16:543‑9.

Ziccardi P, Nappo F, Giugliano G, Esposito K, Marfella R,

Cioffi M, et al. Reduction of inflammatory cytokine

concentrations and improvement of endothelial functions in

obese women after weight loss over one year. Circulation

;105:804‑9.

Witkowska AM. Soluble ICAM‑1: A marker of vascular

inflammation and lifestyle. Cytokine 2005;31:127‑34.

Sabatier MJ, Schwark EH, Lewis R, Sloan G, Cannon J,

McCully K. Femoral artery remodeling after aerobic exercise

training without weight loss in women. Dyn Med 2008;7:13.