Adaptation, Validity, and Reliability Assessments for the Persian Version of the Tobacco Craving Questionnaire‑Short Form

Shahram Ghorbani Behnam, Seyed A. Mousavi, Mohammad H. Emamian

Abstract


Background: Craving is one of the diagnostic criteria for nicotine dependence. The aim of this study was Translating and Validating of Tobacco Craving Questionnaire‑Short Form (TCQ‑SF) on Persian.

Methods: Fifty smokers aged 15–65 years participated through a public invitation. The forward and backward translation was done according to Beaton`s guideline, then all smokers completed questionnaire, in non‑deprived and deprived states with a 1‑week interval. After expert committee confirmed forward and backward translation, construct validity evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), mean craving scores Independent sample T‑tests between high and low Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependent (FTND), and also, deprived and non‑deprived smokers. The reliability assessment was done by Intraclass coefficient (ICC) and mean craving scores paired sample t test between two deprived states. The Cronbach’s alpha was conducted for internal consistency.

Results: The consensus Persian version of the questionnaire was obtained. The CFA indicated a significant (P < 0.001) association of four latent variables with questionnaire structure. The significant (P < 0.001) difference between craving scores in Independent sample t tests indicated the construct validity as concurrent validity. There was no significant difference (P = 0.063) between two deprived states’ scores and ICC = 0.97, indicated questionnaire reliability. The Cronbach’s alpha was 0.89, shows good internal consistency.

Conclusions: The results confirmed the validity and reliability of the Persian version of the Tobacco Craving Questionnaire‑Short Form.


Keywords


Appetite; cigars; Iran; nicotine; smokers

Full Text:

PDF

References


Hughes JR, Hatsukami D. Signs and symptoms of tobacco

withdrawal. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1986;43:289‑94.

West R, Schneider N. Craving for cigarettes. Br J Addict

;82:407‑15.

Killen JD, Fortmann SP. Craving is associated with smoking

relapse: Findings from three prospective studies. Exp Clin

Psychopharmacol 1997;5:137‑42.

Shiffman S, Engberg JB, Paty JA, Perz WG, Gnys M, Kassel JD,

et al. A day at a time: Predicting smoking lapse from daily urge.

J Abnorm Psychol 1997;106:104‑16.

Association, A.P., Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental

disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Pub. 2013.

Singleton EG, Gorelick DA. Mechanisms of alcohol craving and

their clinical implications. Recent Dev Alcohol 1998;14:177‑95.

Drummond DC. Theories of drug craving, ancient and modern.

Addiction 2001;96:33‑46.

Heishman SJ, Singleton EG, Moolchan ET. Tobacco craving

questionnaire: Reliability and validity of a new multifactorial

instrument. Nicotine Tob Res 2003;5:645‑54.

Heishman SJ, Singleton EG, Pickworth WB. Reliability and

validity of a short form of the Tobacco Craving Questionnaire.

Nicotine Tob Res 2008;10:643‑51.

Albrithen AA, Singleton EG. Brief Arabic tobacco craving

questionnaire: An investigation into craving and heavy smoking

in Saudi Arabian males. J Family Community Med 2015;22:8‑12.

Berlin I, Singleton EG, Heishman SJ. Validity of the 12‑item

French version of the Tobacco Craving Questionnaire in

treatment‑seeking smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2010;12:500‑7.

Beaton DE, Bombardier C, Guillemin F, Ferraz MB. Guidelines

for the process of cross‑cultural adaptation of self‑report

measures. Spine 2000;25:3186‑91.

Pedhazur E.Multiple Regression in Behavioral Research:

Explanation and Prediction. New York, NY: Thompson Learning,

Inc.;1997.

Heatherton TF, Kozlowski LT, Frecker RC, Fagerström KO.

The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence: A revision

of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict

;86:1119‑27.

Ferguson JA, Patten CA, Schroeder DR, Offord KP, Barman KM,

Hurt RD. Predictors of 6‑month tobacco abstinence among 1224

cigarette smokers treated for nicotine dependence. Addict Behave

;28:1203‑18.

Fagerström KO, Kane M, Schoberberger R, Breslau N,

Hughes JR, Hurt RD, et al. Nicotine dependence versus smoking

prevalence: Comparisons among countries and categories of

smokers. Tob Control 1996;5:52‑6.

Bell SL, Taylor RC, Singleton EG, Henningfield JE,

Heishman SJ. Smoking after nicotine deprivation enhances

cognitive performance and decreases tobacco craving in drug

abusers. Nicotine Tob Res 1999;1:45‑52.

Shiffman S, Paty JA, Gnys M, Kassel JD, Elash C. Nicotine

withdrawal in chippers and regular smokers: Subjective and

cognitive effects. Health Psychol 1995;14:301‑9.

Van Den Eijnden R, Spijkerman R, Fekkes D. Craving for

cigarettes among low and high dependent smokers: Impact of

norharman. Addict Biol 2003;8:463‑72.

Carpenter MJ, Upadhyaya HP, LaRowe SD, Saladin ME,

Brady KT. Menstrual cycle phase effects on nicotine withdrawal

and cigarette craving: A review. Nicotine Tob Res 2006;8:627‑38.

Killen JD, Fortmann SP, Murphy GM Jr, Hayward C,

Arredondo C, Cromp D, et al. Extended treatment with

bupropion SR for cigarette smoking cessation. J Consult Clin

Psychol 2006;74:286‑94.