How has Internet Addiction been Tracked Over the Last Decade? A Literature Review and 3C Paradigm for Future Research

Xuan‑Lam Duong, Shu‑Yi Liaw, Jean‑Luc Pradel Mathurin Augustin

Abstract


Background: The popularity of the internet aggravated by its excessive and uncontrolled use has resulted in psychological impairment or addiction. Internet addiction is hypothesized as an impulse‑control disorder of internet use having detrimental impacts on daily life functions, family relationships, and emotional stability. The goal of this review is to provide an exhaustive overview of the empirical evidence on internet addiction and draw attention to future research themes. Methods: We performed a literature search on ScienceDirect and PubMed to review original research articles with empirical evidence published on peer‑reviewed international journals from 2010 to 2019. Eight hundred and 26 articles were eligible for analysis. Frequency and descriptive statistics were calculated by Microsoft Excel. Results: A substantial contribution has been coming from researchers from China, Turkey, Korea, Germany, and Taiwan respectively. Despite controversies regarding its definition and diagnostic procedures, internet addiction has become the focal point of a myriad of studies that investigated this particular phenomenon from different exposures. Given observed literature review data regarding research design, data acquisition, and data analysis strategies, we proposed the 3C paradigm which emphasizes the necessity of research incorporating cross‑disciplinary investigation conducted on cross‑cultural settings with conscientious cross‑validation considerations to gain a better comprehension of internet addiction. Conclusions: The findings of the present literature review will serve both academics and practitioners to develop new solutions for better characterize internet addiction.

Keywords


3C paradigm; internet addiction; internet use disorder; problematic internet use

Full Text:

PDF

References


Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD, Karila L, Billieux J. Internet addiction:

A systematic review of epidemiological research for the last

decade. Curr Pharm Des 2014;20:4026‑52.

Li W, Garland EL, Howard MO. Family factors in

Internet addiction among Chinese youth: A review of

English‑ and Chinese‑language studies. Comput Huma Behav

;31:393‑11.

Kabasakal Z. Life satisfaction and family functions as‑predictors

of problematic Internet use in university students. Comput Huma

Behav 2015;53:294‑304.

Fu KW, Chan WSC, Wong PWC, Yip PSF. Internet addiction:

Prevalence, discriminant validity and correlates among

adolescents in Hong Kong. Brit J Psychiat 2010;196:486‑92.

Young KS. Internet addiction: The emergence of a new clinical

disorder. Cyberpsychol Behav 1998;1:237‑44.

Davis RA. A cognitive‑behavioral model of pathological Internet

use. Comput Huma Behav 2001;17:187‑95.

Weinstein A, Lejoyeux M. Internet addiction or excessive

Internet use. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2010;36:277‑83.

Wartberg L, Kriston L, Kammerl R, Petersen KU, Thomasius R.

Prevalence of pathological Internet use in representative German

sample of adolescents: Results of a Latent Profile Analysis.

Psychopathology 2015;48:25‑30.

Li YL, Zhang XZ, Lu F, Zhang Q, Wang Y. Internet addiction

among elementary and middle school students in China:

A nationally representative sample study. Cyberpsychol Behav

Soc Netw 2014;17:111‑16.

Aboujaoude E, Koran LM, Gamel N, Large MD, Serpe RT.

Potential markers for problematic internet use: A telephone

survey of 2,513 adults. CNS Spectr 2006;11:750‑5.

Rumpf HJ, Vermulst AA, Bischof A, Kastirke N, Gürtler D,

Bischof G, et al. Occurence of Internet addiction in a general

population sample: A latent class analysis. Eur Addict Res

;20:159‑66.

Carballo JL, Marín‑Vila M, Espada JP, Orgilés M, Piqueras JA.

Internet abuse risk factors among Spanish adolescents. Span J

Psychol 2015;18:e94.

Cheng C, Li AY‑L. Internet addiction prevalence and quality

of (real) life: A meta‑analysis of 31 nations across seven world

regions. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2014;17:755‑60.

Mak KK, Lai CM, Watanabe H, Kim DI, Bahar N, Ramos M,

et al. Epidemiology of Internet behaviors and addiction among

adolescents in six Asian countries. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc

Netw. 2014;17:720‑28.

Su W, Han X, Jin C, Yan Y, Potenza MN. Are males more likely

to be addicted to the internet than females? A meta‑analysis

involving 34 global jurisdictions. Comput Huma Behav

;99:86‑100.

Tonioni F, D’Alessandris L, Lai C, Martinelli D, Corvino S,

Vasale M, et al. Internet addiction: Hours spent online,

behaviors and psychological symptoms. Gen Hosp Psychiatry

;34:80‑7.

Broman N, Hakansson A. Problematic gaming and Internet use

but not gambling may be overrepresented in sexual minorities‑A

pilot population web survey study. Front Psychol 2018;9:2184.

Cao H, Sun Y, Wan Y, Hao J, Tao FB. Problematic Internet

use in Chinese adolescents and its relation to psychosomatic

symptoms and life satisfaction. BMC Public Health 2011;11:802.

Stavropoulos V, Alexandraki K, Motti‑Stefanidi F. Recognizing

internet addiction: Prevalence and relationship to academic achievement in adolescents enrolled in urban and rural Greek

high schools. J Adolesc 2013;36:565‑76.

Yasuma N, Watanabe K, Nishi D, Ishikawa H, Tachimori H,

Takeshima T, et al. Urbanization and Internet addiction in a

nationally representative sample of adult community residents

in Japan: A cross‑sectional, multilevel study. Psychiatry Res

;273:699‑05.

Young KS. Internet addiction: Symptoms, evaluation and

treatment. Innov Clin Pract 1999;17:19‑31.

Mihara S, Higuchi S. Cross‑sectional and longitudinal

epidemiological studies of Internet gaming disorder: A systematic

review of the literature. Psychiat Clin Neuros 2017;71:425‑44.

Andreassen CS, Pallesen S. Social network site addiction‑An

overview. Curr Pharm Des 2014;20:4053‑61.

Cooper A, Putnam DE, Planchon LA, Boies SC. Online

sexual compulsivity: Getting tangled in the net. Sex Addict

Compulsivity 1999;6:79‑104.

Twohig MP, Crosby JM, Cox JM. Viewing Internet pornography:

For whom is it problematic, how, and why? Sex Addict

Compulsivity 2009;16:253‑66.

Daneback K, Ross MW, Månsson SA. Characteristics and

behaviors of sexual compulsives who use the Internet for sexual

purposes. Sex Addict Compulsivity 2006;13:53‑67.

Zhao H, Tian W, Xin T. The development and validation of the

online shopping addiction scale. Front Psychol 2017;8:735.

American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and

statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed. Washington:

American Psychiatric Association; 2013.

Gainsbury SM, Russell A, Hing N, Wood R, Lubman D,

Blaszczynski A. How the Internet is changing gambling:

Findings from an Australian Prevalence Survey. J Gambl Stud

;31:1‑15.

Gainsbury SM, Wood R. Internet gambling policy in critical

comparative perspective: The effectiveness of existing regulatory

frameworks. Int Gambl Stud 2011;11:309‑23.

Zhou Y, Li D, Li X, Wang Y, Zhao L. Big five personality and

adolescent Internet addiction: The mediating role of coping style.

Addict Behav 2017,64:42‑8.

Shi M, Du TJ. Associations of personality traits with internet

addiction in Chinese medical students: The mediating role

of attention‑deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. BMC

Psychiatry 2019;19:183.

Chen YL, Chen SH, Gau SS‑F. AHDH and autistic traits,

family function, parenting style, and social adjustment for

Internet addiction among children and adolescents in Taiwan:

A longitudinal study. Res Dev Disabil 2015;39:20‑31.

Odacı H, Çıkrıkçı Ö. Problematic Internet use in terms of

gender, attachment styles and subjective well‑being in university

students. Comput Huma Behav 2014;32:61‑6.

Wartberg L, Kammerl R, Rosenkranz M, Hirschhauser L,

Hein S, Schwinge C, et al. The interdependence of family

functioning and problematic Internet use in a representative

quota sample of adolescents. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw

;17:14‑18.

Li J, Li D, Jia J, Li X, Wang Y, Li Y. Family functioning

and Internet addiction among adolescent males and females:

A moderated mediation analysis. Child Youth Serv Rev

;91:289‑97.

Boniel‑Nissim M, Sasson H. Bullying victimization and poor

relationships with parents as risk factors of problematic Internet

use in adolescence. Comput Huma Behav 2018;88:176‑83.

Yang C, Zhu L, Chen Q, Song P, Wang Z. Parent marital conflict

and Internet addiction among Chinese college students: The

mediating role of father‑child, mother‑child, and peer attachment.

Comput Huma Behav 2016;59:221‑9.

Gao T, Meng X, Qin Z, Zhang H, Gao J, Kong Y, et al.

Association between parental marital conflict and Internet

addiction: A moderated mediation analysis. J Affect Disord

;240:27‑32.

Błachnio A, Przepiórka A, Gorbaniuk O, Benvenuti M,

Ciobanu AM, Senol‑Dural E, et al. Cultural correlates of Internet

addiction. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2019;22:258‑63.

Floros G, Siomos K, Stogiannidou A, Giouzepas I, Garyfallos G.

Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders with Internet addiction in

a clinical sample: The effect of personality, defense style and

psychopathology. Addict Behav 2014;39:1839‑45.

Zadra S, Bischof G, Besser B, Bischof A, Meyer C, John U,

et al. The association between Internet addiction and personality

disorders in a general population‑based sample. J Behav Addict

;5:691‑99.

Bielefeld M, Drews M, Putzig I, Bottel L, Steinbuchel T,

Dieris‑Hirche J, et al. Comorbidity of Internet use disorder and

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Two adult case‑control

studies. J Behav Addict 2017;6:490‑504.

Kawabe K, Horiuchi F, Miyama T, Jogamoto T, Aibara K,

Ishii E, et al. Internet addiction and attention‑deficit/hyperactivity

disorder symptoms in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.

Res Dev Disabil 2019; 89:22‑8.

Stavropoulos V, Kuss DJ, Griffiths MD, Wilson P,

Motti‑Stefanidi F. MMORPG gaming and hostility predict

Internet addiction symptoms in adolescents: An empirical

multilevel longitudinal study. Addict Behav 2017;64:294‑300.

Younes F, Halawi G, Jabbour H, El Osta N, Karam L, Hahh A,

et al. Internet addiction and relationship with insomnia, anxiety,

depression, stress and self‑esteem in university students:

A cross‑sectional design study. PloS One 2016;11:e0161126.

Stavropoulos V, Gomez R, Steen E, Beard C, Liew L,

Griffiths MD. The longitudinal association between anxiety

and Internet addiction in adolescence: The moderating effect of

classroom extraversion. J Behav Addict 2017;6:237‑47.

Demir Y, Kutlu M. The relationship between loneliness and

depression: Mediation role of Internet addiction. Ed Process Int J

;5:97‑105.

Simcharoen S, Pinyopornpanish M, Haoprom P, Kuntawong P,

Wongpakaran N, Wongpakaran T. Prevalence, associated factors

and impact of loneliness and interpersonal problems on Internet

addiction: A study in Chiang Mai medical students. Asian J

Psychiatr 2018;31:2‑7.

Yao MZ, He J, Ko DM, Pang KC. The influence of personality,

parental behaviors, and self‑esteem on Internet addiction:

A study of Chinese college students. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc

Netw 2014;17:104‑10.

Mei S, Yau YHC, Chai J, Guo J, Potenza MN. Problematic

Internet use, well‑being, self‑esteem and self‑control: Data from

a high‑school survey in China. Addict Behav 2016;61:74‑9.

Li W, Zhang W, Xiao L, Nie J. The association of Internet

addiction symptoms with impulsiveness, loneliness, novelty

seeking and behavioral inhibition system among adults with

attention‑deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Psychiatry Res

;243:357‑64.

Dieris‑Hirche J, Bottel L, Bielefeld M, Steinbuchel T,

Kehyayan A, Dieris B, et al. Media use and Internet addiction

in adult depression: A case‑control study. Comput Huma Behav

;68:96‑103.

Seki T, Hamazaki K, Natori T, Inadera H. Relationship between

Internet addiction and depression among Japanese university students. J Affect Disord 2019; 256:668‑72.

Bolat N, Yavuz M, Eliaçık K, Zorlu A. The relationships between

problematic Internet use, alexithymia levels and attachment

characteristics in a sample of adolescents in a high school,

Turkey. Psychol Health Med 2017;23:604‑11.

Müller KW, Dreier M, Beutel ME, Wölfling K. Is sensation

seeking a correlate of excessive behaviors and behavioral

addictions? A detailed examination of patients with gambling

disorder and Internet addiction. Psychiatry Res 2016;242:319‑25.

Yau YHC, Pilver CE, Steinberg MA, Rugle LJ, Hoff RA,

Krishnan‑Sarin S, et al. Relationships between problematic

Internet use and problem‑gambling severity: Findings from a

high‑school survey. Addict Behav 2014;39:13‑21.

Geisel O, Panneck P, Hellweg R, Wiedemann K, Müller CA.

Hypothalamic‑pituitary‑adrenal axis activity in patients with

pathological gambling and Internet use disorder. Psychiatry Res

;226:97‑102.

Kim K, Lee H, Hong JP, Cho MJ, Fava M, Mischoulon D, et al.

Poor sleep quality and suicide attempt among adults with internet

addiction: A nationwide community sample of Korea. PLoS One

;12:e0174619.

Wang W, Zhou DD, Ai M, Chen XR, Lv Z, Huang Y, et al.

Internet addiction and poor quality of life are significantly

associated with suicidal ideation of senior high school students

in Chongqing, China. PeerJ 2019;7:e7357.

Kaess M, Durkee T, Brunner R, Carli V, Parzer P, Wasserman C,

et al. Pathological Internet use among European adolescents:

Psychopathology and self‑destructive behaviors. Eur Child

Adolesc Psychiatry 2014;23:1093‑102.

Oktan V. An investigation of problematic Internet use among

adolescents in terms of self‑injurious and risk‑taking behavior.

Electron Commer Res Appl 2015;52:63‑7.

Alpaslan AH, Koçak U, Avci K, Uzel TH. The association

between Internet addiction and disordered eating attitudes among

Turkish high school students. Eat Weight Disord 2015;20:441‑8.

Park S, Lee Y. Associations of body weight perception and

weight control behaviors with problematic Internet use among

Korean adolescents. Psychiatry Res 2017;251:275‑80.

Jiang Q, Huang X, Tao R, Examining factors influencing Internet

addiction and adolescent risk behaviors among excessive Internet

users. Health Commun 2018;33:1434‑44.

Gansner M, Belfort E, Cook B, Leahy C, Colon‑Perez A,

Mirda D, et al. Problematic Internet use and associated high‑risk

behavior in an adolescent clinical sample: Results from a survey

of psychiatrically hospitalized youth. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc

Netw 2019;22:349‑54.

Tan Y, Chen Y, Lu Y, Li L. Exploring associations between

problematic Internet use, depressive symptoms and sleep

disturbance among Southern Chinese adolescents. Int J Environ

Res Public Health. 2016;13:313.

Zhou Z, Zhou H, Zhu H. Working memory, executive function

and impulsivity in Internet‑addictive disorders: A comparison

with pathological gambling. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2015;28:92‑100.

Moon SJ, Hwang JS, Kim JY, Shin AL, Bae SM, Kim JW.

Psychometric properties of the Internet Addiction Test:

A systematic review and meta‑analysis. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc

Netw 2018;21:473‑84.

Chen L, Nath R. Understanding the underlying factors of Internet

addiction across cultures: A comparison study. Electron Commer

Res Appl 2016;17:38‑48.

Yong RKF, Inoue A, Kawakami N. The validity and psychometric

properties of the Japanese version of the Compulsive Internet

Use Scale (CIUS). BMC Psychiatry 2017;17:201.

Kim S, Noh D. The current status of psychological intervention

research for Internet addiction and Internet gaming disorder.

Issues Ment Health Nurs 2019;40:335‑41.

Anderson EL, Steen E, Stavropoulos V. Internet use and

problematic Internet use: A systematic review of longitudinal

research trends in adolescence and emergent adulthood. Int J

Adolesc Youth 2017;22:430‑54.

World Health Organization (WHO). Gaming disorder; 2019.

Available from: https://www.who.int/news‑room/q‑a‑detail/

gaming‑disorder [Last accessed on 2019 Dec 26].

Fineberg NA, Demetrovics Z, Stein DJ, Ioannidis K,

Potenza MN, Grünblatt, E, et al. Manisesto for a European

research network into problematic usage of the Internet. Eur

Neuropsychopharmacol 2018;28:1232‑46.

Peng W, Zhang X, Li X. Intelligent behavior data analysis for

Internet addiction. Sci Programming‑Neth 2019;2019:1‑12.

Stanley L, Kellermanns FW, Zellweger TM. Latent profile

analysis: Understanding family firm profiles. Fam Bus Rev

;30:84‑102.

Di Z, Gong X, Shi J, Ahmed HOA, Nandi AK. Internet addiction

disorder detection of Chinese college students using several

personality questionnaire data and support vector machine.

Addict Behav Rep 2019;10:100200.

Montag C, Kirsch P, Sauer C, Markett S, Reuter M. The role of the

CHRNA4 gene in Internet addiction. J Addict Med 2012;6:191‑5.

Li M, Chen J, Li N, Li X. A twin study of problematic Internet

use: Its heritability and generic association with effortful control.

Twin Res Hum Genet 2014;17:279‑87.

Lee CS, McKenzie K. Socioeconomic and geographic inequalities

of Internet addiction in Korean adolescents. Psychiatry Investig

;12:559‑62.

Novais MAP, De Liberal MMC, Nappo SA, Zucchi P. Health

professionals’ perception related to communication technologies

for access to information about crack. Int J Prev Med 2020;11:1.

Acuff SF, MacKillop F, Murphy JG. Applying behavioral

economic theory to problematic Internet use: An initial

investigation. Psychol Addict Behav 2018;32:846‑57.

Israeli AA, Lee SS, Karpinski AC. The relationship between

Internet addiction and negative eWOM. Serv Ind J 2018;39:943‑65.

Israeli AA, Lee SA, Bolden EC. The impact of escalating service

failures and internet addiction behavior on young and older

customers’ negative eWOM. J Hosp Tour Manag 2019;39:150‑7.

Li J, Mau W‑CJ. Application of an ecological approach to

examine online activities and Internet addiction among college

students. J Couns Prac 2018;9:1‑22.

Whelan R, Cao Z, O’Halloran L, Pennie B. Genetics, imaging,

and cognition: Big data approaches to addiction research. In:

Verdejo‑Garcia, editor. Cognition and Addiction: A Researcher’s

Guide From Mechanisms Toward Interventions. Elsevier Inc.;

p. 365‑77.

Hadlington L. Human factors in cybersecurity; examining the

link between Internet addiction, impulsivity, attidutes towards

cybersecurity, and risky cybersecurity behaviours. Heliyon

;3:e00346.

Chang FC, Chiu CH, Miao NF, Chen PH, Lee CM, Chiang JT,

et al. The relationship between parental mediation and

Internet addiction among adolescents, and the association with

cyberbullying and depression. Compr Psychiatry 2015;57:21‑8.

World Economic Forum. The Global Risks Report 2020. 15th ed.

Geneva: World Economic Forum; 2020.

King DL, Delfabbro PH, Doh YY, Wu AMS, Kuss DJ, Pallesen S,

et al. Policy and prevention approaches for disordered and

hazardous gaming and internet use: An international perspective.

Prev Sci 2018;19:233‑49.

Knapp B, Bardenet R, Bernabeu MO, Bordas R, Bruna M,

Calderhead B, et al. Ten simple rules for a successful

cross‑disciplinary collaboration. PLoS Comput Biol

;11:e1004214.

Kuss DJ, Lopez‑Fernandez O. Internet addiction and problematic

Internet use: A systematic review of clinical research. World J

Psychiatry 2016;6:143‑76.

Stodt B, Brand M, Sindermann C, Wegmann E, Li M, Zhou M,

et al. Investigating the effects of personality, Internet literacy,

and use expectancies in Internet‑use disorder: A comparative

study between China and Germany. Int J Environ Res Public

Health 2018;15:579.

Sariyska R, Reuter M, Bey K, Sha P, Li M, Chen YF, et al.

Self‑esteem, personality and Internet addiction: A cross‑cutural

comparison study. Pers Individ Differ 2014;61‑62:28‑3.

Durkee T, Kaess M, Carli V, Parzer P, Wasserman C, Floderus B,

et al. Prevalence of pathological Internet use among adolescents

in Europe: Demographic and social factors. Addiction

;107:2210‑22.

Tang CS‑K, Koh YW, Gan YQ. Addiction to Internet use, online

gaming, and online social networking among young adults

in China, Singapore, and the United States. Asia Pac J Public

Health 2017;00:1‑10.

Rosenkranz T, Müller KW, Dreier M, Beutel ME, Wölfling K.

Addictive potential of Internet applications and differential

correlates of problematic use in Internet gamers versus

generalized Internet users in a representative sample of

adolescents. Eur Addict Res 2017;23:148‑56.

Müller KW, Janikian M, Dreier M, Wölfling K, Beutel ME,

Tzavara C, et al. Regular gaming behavior and internet

gaming disorder in European adolescents: Results from a

cross‑national representative survey of prevalence, predictors,

and psychopathological correlates. Eur Child Adoles Psychiatry

;24:565‑74.

King DL, Delfabbro PH, Zwaans T, Kaptsis D. Clinical

features and axis I comorbidity of Australian adolescent

pathological Internet and video‑game users. Aust NZ J Psychiat

;47:1058‑67.

Haug S, Castro RP, Kwon M, Filler A, Kowatsch T, Schaub MP.

Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people

in Switzerland. J Behav Addict 2015;4:299‑307.

Davey S, Davey A. Assessment of smartphone addiction in

Indian adolescents: A mixed method study by systematicreview

and meta‑analysis approach. Int J Prev Med 2014;5:1500‑11.

Grant JE, Lust K, Chamberlain SR. Problematic smartphone

use associated with greater alcohol consumption, mental health

issues, poorer academic performance, and impulsivity. J Behav

Addict 2019;8:335‑42.

Bányai F, Zsila Á, Király O, Maraz A, Elekes Z, Griffiths MD,

et al. Problematic social media use: Results from a

large‑scale nationally representative adolescent sample. PLoS

One 2017;12:e0169839.

Tang CS, Koh YY. Online social networking addiction

among college students in Singapore: Comorbidity with

behavioral addiction and affective disorder. Asian J Psychiatr

;25:175‑8.

Ko YM, Roh S, Lee TK. The association of problematic internet

shopping with dissociation among South Korean internet users.

Int J Env Res Pub He 2020;17:3235.

Müller A, Steins‑Loeber S, Trotzke P, Vogel B, Georgiadou E,

de Zwaan M. Online shopping in treatment‑seeking

patients with buying‑shopping disorder. Compr Psychiatry

;94:152120.

Fuss J, Briken P, Stein DJ, Lochner C. Compulsive sexual

behavior disorder in obsessive‑compulsive disorder: Prevalence

and associated comorbidity. J Behav Addict 2019;8:242‑8.

McCormack A, Shorter GW, Griffiths MD. An examination of

participation in online gambling activities and the relationship

with problem gambling. J Behav Addict 2013;2:31‑41.