Survey of the Relationship between Extroversion and Transition in Cigarette and Hookah Smoking Stages in High‑School Students in Tabriz: A Longitudinal Study

Hadi Pashapour, Asghar Mohammadpoorasl, Hossein Dadashzadeh, Saeid Mousavi

Abstract


Background: Smoking is a public health problem that affects the adolescent population’s health. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between extroversion (compared with introversion) and transition in cigarette and hookah smoking stages in high‑school students to use the results in smoking prevention programs. Methods: A sample of 2312 students aged 15–16 years in Tabriz were included in the study. Demographic characteristics, cigarette, hookah smoking status, and Eysenck’s extroversion questionnaires were completed by all students in the selected schools. Eight months later, cigarette and hookah smoking status were assessed again to determine transition in smoking stages. The marginal homogeneity (MH) test was used to compare the smoking status at the beginning and 8 months later. The generalized estimating equation (GEE) method with the ordinal link was applied to estimate the effect of extroversion on transition in smoking stages. Results: The mean (standard deviation) age of the students participating in the study was 15.5 (0.5) years. MH test results showed that, in general, transmission in the stages of both cigarette and hookah smoking in 8 months was significant in students (P‑value < 0.0001). Extrovert personality had a significant positive effect on the transition from lower stages to higher cigarette and hookah smoking stages according to the GEE with ordinal link (P = 0.01). In cigarette and hookah smoking, extrovert persons transited to higher stages 1.64 and 1.55 times more than introvert persons. Conclusions: Being an extrovert person had a significant effect on the transitioning to higher stages of smoking cigarettes and hookah. In designing cognitive programs to prevent people from smoking or encourage them to quit smoking, considering this dimension of personality trait can be useful in the efficacy of the program.

Keywords


Adolescent students; cigarette smoking; extroversion; hookah smoking; stages of smoking

Full Text:

PDF

References


Mackay J, Eriksen M, Shafey O. The Tobacco Atlas. Atlanta,

Georgia, USA: American Cancer Society; 2006.

Taioli E, Wynder EL. Effect of the age at which smoking

begins on frequency of smoking in adulthood. N Engl J Med

;325:968‑9.

Maziak W, Taleb ZB, Bahelah R, Islam F, Jaber R, Auf R, et al.

The global epidemiology of waterpipe smoking. Tob Control

;24(Suppl 1):i3‑12.

Watkins SL, Glantz SA, Chaffee BW. Association of noncigarette

tobacco product use with future cigarette smoking among youth

in the population assessment of tobacco and health (PATH)

study, 2013‑2015. JAMA Pediatr 2018;172:181‑7.

World Health Organization. Tobacco key facts. 2008. Retrieved

May, 2008. Available from: http://www.who/int/topics/tobacco

/facts/en/index.html.

Maziak W. The waterpipe: An emerging global risk for cancer.

Cancer Epidemiol 2013;37:1‑4.

Warren CW, Jones NR, Asma S. Global youth tobacco surveillance.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance

Summaries, [2000‑‑2007]. MMWR 2008; Vol 57(No. SS-1).

Moh’d Al‐Mulla A, Abdou Helmy S, Al‐Lawati J, Al Nasser S,

Ali Abdel Rahman S, Almutawa A, et al. Prevalence of tobacco

use among students aged 13‐15 years in Health Ministers’

Council/Gulf Cooperation Council Member States, 2001‐2004.

J Sch Health 2008;78:337‑43.

Mohammadpoorasl A, Fakhari A, Shamsipour M, Rostami F,

Rashidian H. Transitions between the stages of smoking in

Iranian adolescents. Prev Med 2011;52:136‑8.

Mohammad‑Alizadeh‑Charandabi S, Mirghafourvand M,

Tavananezhad N, Karkhaneh M. Prevalence of cigarette

and water pipe smoking and their predictors among Iranian

adolescents. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2015;27:291‑8.

Alender JA, Sradley BW. Community health nursing. Promoting

and Protecting the Public’s health. Sixth edition. USA. Lippincot

Williams & Wilkins 2005.

Leventhal H, Cleary PD. The smoking problem: A review of the

research and theory in behavioral risk modification. Psychol Bull

;88:370‑405.

Paunonen SV. Big Five factors of personality and replicated

predictions of behavior. J Pers Soc Psychol 2003;84:411‑24.

Vollrath M, Torgersen S. Who takes health risks? A probe into

eight personality types. Pers Individ Dif 2002;32:1185‑97.

Raynor DA, Levine H. Associations between the five‑factor

model of personality and health behaviors among college

students. J Am Coll Health 2009;58:73‑82.

Thompson ER. Development and validation of an international

English big‑five mini‑markers. Pers Individ Dif 2008;45:542‑8.

Eysenck HJ. A note on ‘Smoking, personality and reasons for

smoking’. Psychol Med 1983;13:447‑8.

Buczkowski K, Basinska MA, Ratajska A, Lewandowska K,

Luszkiewicz D, Sieminska A. Smoking status and the five‑factor

model of personality: Results of a cross‑sectional study conducted

in Poland. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2017;14:126.

Gau SS, Lai MC, Chiu YN, Liu CT, Lee MB, Hwu HG.

Individual and family correlates for cigarette smoking among

Taiwanese college students. Compr Psychiatry 2009;50:276‑85.

Yáñez AM, Leiva A, Estela A, Čukić I. The associations of

personality traits and parental education with smoking behaviour

among adolescents. PLoS One 2017;12:e0174211.

Von Ah D, Ebert S, Ngamvitroj A, Park N, Kang DH. Factors

related to cigarette smoking initiation and use among college

students. Tob Induc Dis 2005;3:27‑40.

Spielberger CD, Reheiser EC, Foreyt JP, Poston WS,

Volding DC. Personality determinants of the use of tobacco

products. Pers Individ Dif 2004;36:1073‑82.

Francis LJ, Brown LB, Philipchalk R. The development of

an abbreviated form of the Revised Eysenck Personality

Questionnaire (EPQR‑A): Its use among students in England,

Canada, the USA and Australia. Pers Individ Dif 1992;13:443‑9.

Kaviani H, Pournaseh M, Mousavi AS. Standardization and

validation of the revised Eysenck personality questionnaire

in the Iranian population. Iran J Psychiatry Clin Psychol

;11:304‑11.

Mohammadpoorasl A, Nedjat S, Yazdani K, Fakhari A,

Foroushani AR, Fotouhi A. An algorithm of smoking stages

assessment in adolescents: A validation study using the latent

class analysis model. Int J Prev Med 2013;4:1304‑11.

Mohammadpoorasl A, Nedjat S, Fakhari A, Yazdani K,

Fotouhi A. Predictors of transition in smoking stages in Iranian

adolescents: Latent transition analysis. East Mediterr Health J

;20:330‑9.

Malouff JM, Thorsteinsson EB, Schutte NS. The five‑factor

model of personality and smoking: A meta‑analysis. J Drug Educ

;36:47‑58.

Coan RW. Personality variables associated with cigarette

smoking. J Personal Soc Psychol 1973;26:86‑104.